目的 针对激光熔覆镍基合金易出现晶粒粗大、元素偏析及成分稀释等问题,研究稳恒纵向磁场对熔覆层熔池流动行为、微观组织演化及力学性能的调控作用,揭示不同磁场强度下组织与性能的演化规律。方法 以GH3625合金粉末为熔覆材料、304不锈钢为基体,在激光熔覆过程中施加0~200 mT纵向稳恒磁场,并对熔覆层的显微组织、晶体取向、物相组成及元素分布进行表征,同时开展摩擦磨损与拉伸性能测试。结果 随磁场强度增加,熔池流动由马兰戈尼对流逐步向热电磁对流主导转变,并在高磁场条件下表现出明显磁阻尼效应。晶粒取向逐渐随机化,高角度晶界比例显著提高。物相主要由γ-Ni基体相、Laves相及MC、M23C6碳化物组成,磁场主要调控其形貌与分布特征,其中200 mT条件下Laves相由连续链状转变为离散分布。随着磁场增强,熔覆层稀释率与Fe元素含量呈先升后降趋势,在200 mT时均达到最低。性能测试表明,200 mT条件下磨痕宽度最小（901.05 μm）,耐磨性最佳;100 mT条件下伸长率最高（55.1%）;而200 mT条件下抗拉强度与屈服强度最高,分别为815 MPa和538 MPa。结论 稳恒纵向磁场通过调控熔池流动与传质行为,实现组织细化与析出相优化,从而显著提升GH3625熔覆层的综合性能,其中200 mT为本研究的最优磁场强度。
Abstract
To address the problems of coarse grains, elemental segregation, and compositional dilution commonly encountered in laser cladding of nickel-based alloys, this study investigated the regulatory effects of a steady longitudinal magnetic field on the molten pool flow behavior, microstructural evolution, and mechanical properties of the cladding layer, aiming to clarify the evolution laws of microstructure and properties under different magnetic field intensities. With GH3625 alloy powder as the cladding material and 304 stainless steel as the substrate, steady longitudinal magnetic fields with different intensities (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mT) were applied during the laser cladding process. The macroscopic dimensions, grain morphology, grain orientation, grain boundary characteristics, elemental distribution, and phase constitution of the cladding layers were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, friction and wear tests and tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the wear resistance and tensile mechanical properties of the cladding layer. The results showed that, as the magnetic field intensity increased from 0 to 200 mT, the molten pool flow behavior gradually evolved from a single Marangoni convection mode to a thermoelectromagnetic convection-dominated mode and finally to a magnetic damping-dominated flow regime. Meanwhile, the microstructure of the cladding layer gradually transformed from columnar dendrites to equiaxed grains, grain orientations became increasingly randomized, and the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries increased significantly. The phase constituents remained unchanged under different magnetic field intensities and mainly consisted of a γ-Ni matrix, a Laves phase, and MC- and M23C6-type carbides. However, the magnetic field significantly regulated the morphology and distribution characteristics of the precipitated phases. At 200 mT, the Laves phase transformed from a continuous chain-like morphology under the magnetic-field-free condition into a discrete island-like distribution, and its area fraction decreased from 5.91% at 0 mT to 0.95%. The dilution ratio of the cladding layer initially increased and then decreased with the increase of the magnetic field intensity, reaching the minimum value of 14.57% at 200 mT. Similarly, the Fe content in the cladding layer first increased and then decreased, reaching its lowest value at 200 mT. Under a load of 15 N, the cladding layer fabricated at 200 mT exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction, the minimum wear track width of 901.05 μm, and the lowest wear mass loss of 4.3 mg, indicating the best wear resistance. The maximum elongation of 55.1% was achieved at 100 mT, whereas the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength reached their maximum values of 815 MPa and 538 MPa, respectively, at 200 mT. In conclusion, a steady longitudinal magnetic field can effectively regulate the macroscopic dimensions, grain microstructure, precipitate morphology, and elemental distribution of the cladding layer through the synergistic control of molten pool flow and mass transport behavior. An appropriate magnetic field intensity can suppress excessive dilution of substrate elements and weaken the formation of continuous brittle phases along grain boundaries, thereby significantly improving the wear resistance and tensile properties of the GH3625 cladding layer. Under the conditions investigated in this study, 200 mT is identified as the optimal magnetic field intensity.
关键词
激光熔覆 /
镍合金 /
纵向磁场 /
微观组织 /
耐磨性能 /
拉伸性能
Key words
laser cladding /
Nickel-based alloy /
longitudinal magnetic field /
microstructure /
wear resistance /
tensile properties
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基金
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金（U24A20109）; 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目（2023BCF01052）
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