齿轮弹流润滑理论及其在变位齿轮中的应用研究综述

李太旭; 王优强; 倪陈兵; 安恺

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.17.001

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (17) : 1-20. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.17.001

摩擦磨损与润滑

齿轮弹流润滑理论及其在变位齿轮中的应用研究综述

李太旭, 王优强^*, 倪陈兵, 安恺

作者信息 +

Research Overview on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Theory of Gears and Its Application in Profile-shifted Gears

LI Taixu, WANG Youqiang^*, NI Chenbing, AN Kai

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

随着装备制造向高负载、高速度、高可靠性方向发展,齿轮传动系统在风电、航空航天、汽车及精密机械等领域的性能需求不断提升,传动效率、承载能力与寿命的要求使得齿轮弹流润滑研究愈发重要。综述了齿轮及变位齿轮润滑的发展脉络,回顾了从早期刚性等黏度润滑、Hertz弹流润滑假设,到现代热弹流润滑（TEHL）及时变弹流润滑（EHL）等模型的理论演进;总结了影响齿轮及变位齿轮润滑性能的主要因素,具体包括：变位系数对齿面接触应力和润滑膜厚的调控作用;热效应、时变效应以及非牛顿流体特性在复杂工况下对膜厚与压力分布的影响;载荷和转速对齿轮刚度与润滑状态的影响;齿面微观粗糙度对局部润滑膜破裂与疲劳寿命的影响,齿面修形在改善润滑状态和延缓齿面失效中的工程应用价值;此外,本文还对齿轮及变位齿轮弹流润滑基本控制方程及数值计算方法进行了梳理,包括Reynolds方程、膜厚方程、黏温黏压方程、密压密温方程、能量方程等基本控制方程;重点分析了传统直接迭代法、逆解法、Newton-Raphson法、有限元法（FEM）、多重网格法典型数值方法在齿轮EHL中的应用特点及其优缺点。最后,从复杂工况下的耦合机理、变形对润滑行为的影响、数值模拟与实验的深度融合以及微观表面形貌对极薄油膜的跨尺度影响机制等方面,对齿轮弹流润滑的发展方向进行了展望。

Abstract

With the continuous advancement of modern equipment manufacturing toward higher load capacity, higher rotational speed, and improved reliability, the performance requirements for gear transmission systems in wind power, aerospace, automotive engineering and precision machinery have become increasingly stringent. To meet the growing demands for enhanced transmission efficiency, improved load-carrying capability and extended service life, the research on elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) has become an essential foundation in the design and optimization of advanced gear systems.
The work aims to provide a detailed examination of the development of lubrication theories for standard gears and profile-shifted gears. The evolution was traced from early constant-viscosity rigid lubrication models and idealized Hertzian elastic contact assumptions to the contemporary thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) and transient EHL models. This progression demonstrated a clear shift from simplified mechanical descriptions toward multi-field coupled analyses incorporating thermal effects, transient effects, complex rheology and real surface conditions. Regarding affecting factors, major advances in understanding lubrication characteristics of gears and profile-shifted gears were summarized. The profile shift coefficient was found to play a central role in modifying local curvature, meshing kinematics and contact load distribution, which directly affected minimum film thickness and pressure distribution across the tooth surface. Positive profile shift generally helped maintain thicker lubricant oil films and reduced contact stress concentrations, while negative profile shift tended to create thin-film regions that increased the risk of micro-contact and lubrication deterioration. Thermal and transient effects became particularly significant at high speeds and heavy loads. Temperature rise lowered lubricant viscosity and weakened load-carrying capacity, causing an overall reduction in film thickness, while the sliding-rolling interaction produced periodic changes in contact characteristics. Non-Newtonian characteristics, especially shear thinning under high shear rates, further altered the internal flow and stress fields within the EHL contact zone. Load and speed exhibited clear and predictable effects. Higher load led to a thinner film and increased pressure peaks, while greater rotational speed enhanced lubricant entrainment, thickened the film and generally reduced hydrodynamic pressure levels. Surface micro-geometry was also identified as a critical factor. Since roughness height was often comparable to oil-film thickness, mixed lubrication conditions frequently arise, in which asperity contact might occur and cause localized film rupture and subsurface fatigue damage. Proper tooth surface modifications improved the distribution of contact stress, reduced edge-loading phenomena and significantly enhanced lubrication stability and fatigue resistance. In addition, the governing equations of gear EHL were summarized, including the Reynolds equation, the film thickness relation, viscosity-pressure and viscosity-temperature equations, density variations and the energy equation. Typical numerical approaches such as direct iteration, inverse solution, Newton-Raphson iterative procedure, finite element methods and multigrid algorithms were discussed in terms of their applicability and efficiency for solving complex gear EHL problems.
Finally, the work presented future research perspectives focusing on the coupling mechanisms under complex operating conditions, the effect of plastic deformation on lubrication characteristics, the integration of high-fidelity experiments with advanced numerical simulations and the potential of molecular dynamics for revealing lubrication mechanisms at nanometer scales. These developments are expected to further advance the understanding and engineering application of elastohydrodynamic lubrication in modern gear systems.

导出引用

李太旭, 王优强, 倪陈兵, 安恺. 齿轮弹流润滑理论及其在变位齿轮中的应用研究综述[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(17): 1-20

LI Taixu, WANG Youqiang, NI Chenbing, AN Kai. Research Overview on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Theory of Gears and Its Application in Profile-shifted Gears[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(17): 1-20

中图分类号： TH117.2

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