聚苯胺及其复合材料的吸波防腐机制与应用研究进展

宋子毅; 张杨广; 姜芙林; 王文潇; 熊佳军; 杨发展

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.16.017

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (16) : 246-262. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.16.017

功能表面及技术

聚苯胺及其复合材料的吸波防腐机制与应用研究进展

宋子毅¹, 张杨广^2,*, 姜芙林^1,*, 王文潇¹, 熊佳军¹, 杨发展¹

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Microwave Absorption Mechanisms, Corrosion-resistant Mechanisms, and Applications of Polyaniline and Its Composites

SONG Ziyi¹, ZHANG Yangguang^2,*, JIANG Fulin^1,*, WANG Wenxiao¹, XIONG Jiajun¹, YANG Fazhan¹

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

随着电磁技术的快速发展,高性能电磁波吸收材料在民用防护与隐身领域的需求日益迫切。吸波涂层是电磁防护的主流技术之一,在实际应用中,涂层可能面临各种严苛使用条件,因此吸波材料需兼顾高效吸波能力与良好环境适应性。聚苯胺（PANI）作为一种导电聚合物,兼具良好的导电性与优异的耐腐蚀性能,在耐腐蚀吸波涂层领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。本文综述了PANI及其复合材料的性能优势和作用机理,涵盖其独特的氧化还原特性、掺杂机制、多重电磁波损耗机制（介电损耗与磁损耗）以及耐腐蚀机制（屏蔽作用、电场作用与钝化作用）。在此基础上,重点介绍了溶液聚合法、乳液聚合法和电化学聚合法等制备工艺。进一步地,本文从吸波性能、防腐性能以及吸波/防腐双功能协同等3个维度,系统综述了PANI基复合材料的最新应用研究进展,并指出了PANI基复合材料当前面临的挑战与存在的关键问题。最后,对PANI基复合材料的未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为聚苯胺基吸波涂层材料的基础研究与应用开发提供参考。

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of electromagnetic technology and the increasingly complex service environment of engineering equipment, the demand for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials in both civilian protection and military stealth applications has become increasingly urgent. Absorbing coating is one of the mainstream technologies for electromagnetic protection. However, in practical applications, the coating may be exposed to harsh service environments, therefore, the materials must possess not only efficient electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities but also excellent environmental adaptability.
Polyaniline (PANI), as one of the most important conductive polymers, has attracted widespread attention due to its facile synthesis, low cost, and the combination of dielectric loss characteristics with corrosion resistance. Its tunable doping, outstanding thermal stability, and strong environmental adaptability make it an ideal candidate for microwave absorbing materials, and it has been extensively employed in the fabrication of composite absorbing coatings. Notably, its unique redox activity and proton doping tunability endow it with intrinsic anti-corrosion potential, making it a promising building block for bifunctional microwave absorbing coatings. Nevertheless, inherent limitations, such as insufficient mechanical properties, poor film-forming ability, and high brittleness, still constrain its practical application to some extent.
To address these inherent limitations, researchers have developed multi-scale composite systems in recent years by synergistically combining PANI with inorganic or organic functional materials, thereby effectively enhancing the structural integrity and multifunctionality of the resulting materials. The construction strategies for PANI-based composite systems have been extended to encompass multiple dimensions, including structural design, interfacial regulation, and functional integration. Through judicious selection of composite constituents and preparation techniques, it is possible not only to overcome the intrinsic limitations of PANI but also to achieve the integrated convergence of electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and electromagnetic wave absorption, thereby meeting the specific requirements of diverse application scenarios. The PANI-based bifunctional materials developed on this basis exhibit both excellent electromagnetic wave absorption and corrosion protection performance: their absorption mechanisms primarily involve dielectric loss and magnetic loss, while their anticorrosion properties rely on the synergistic contributions of the barrier effect and passivation. At present, various strategies have been employed for the targeted modulation of the overall performance of such materials, including the construction of three-dimensional worm-like architectures to enhance structural loss and the introduction of functional dopants to impart intelligent passivation characteristics to PANI coatings.
This review summarizes the performance advantages and underlying mechanisms of PANI and its composites, covering their unique redox characteristics, doping mechanisms, multiple electromagnetic wave loss (dielectric loss and magnetic loss) mechanisms, and corrosion resistance mechanisms (barrier effect, electric field effect, and passivation effect). On this basis, the preparation techniques, including solution polymerization, emulsion polymerization, and electrochemical polymerization, are highlighted. Furthermore, the latest advances in PANI-based composites are systematically reviewed from three perspectives of microwave absorption performance, corrosion protection performance, and their synergistic dual functionality. The current challenges and critical issues faced by PANI-based composites are also addressed, including the conflict between microwave absorption and corrosion protection mechanisms, the lack of long-term durability evaluation under realistic service conditions, and the insufficient mechanistic understanding at the microscopic scale. Finally, the future development directions of PANI-based composites are prospected, aiming to provide a reference for fundamental research and application development in polyaniline-based microwave absorbing coating materials.

导出引用

宋子毅, 张杨广, 姜芙林, 王文潇, 熊佳军, 杨发展. 聚苯胺及其复合材料的吸波防腐机制与应用研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(16): 246-262

SONG Ziyi, ZHANG Yangguang, JIANG Fulin, WANG Wenxiao, XIONG Jiajun, YANG Fazhan. Research Progress on Microwave Absorption Mechanisms, Corrosion-resistant Mechanisms, and Applications of Polyaniline and Its Composites[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(16): 246-262

中图分类号： TB34

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