基于超材料的宽带透明吸波体研究进展

张智博; 闵萍萍; 宋梓诚; 王天宇; 陈瑞润; 朱嘉琦

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.16.016

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (16) : 226-245. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.16.016

功能表面及技术

基于超材料的宽带透明吸波体研究进展

张智博^1a,2, 闵萍萍^2,*, 宋梓诚^1b,*, 王天宇^1c, 陈瑞润^1a,1d, 朱嘉琦^1b,2,*

作者信息 +

Research Progress of Broadband Transparent Absorbers Based on Metamaterials

ZHANG Zhibo^1a,2, MIN Pingping^2,*, SONG Zicheng^1b,*, WANG Tianyu^1c, CHEN Ruirun^1a,1d, ZHU Jiaqi^1b,2,*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

宽带超材料透明吸波体可兼顾可见光透射与微波吸收,在电磁屏蔽透明窗口应用中具有重要价值,其核心性能指标为工作带宽。本文综述了宽带超材料透明吸波体的研究进展,涵盖设计理论、材料体系与带宽拓展方法。理论方面,介绍了阻抗匹配、等效介质、等效电路和多重干涉等模型。材料方面,总结了介质层、阻抗匹配层及接地反射层的常用透明材料,并分析了其在实现宽带吸收与高透光性方面的优势与局限。随后,本文以多项典型研究为例综述了多种带宽拓展途径：其一,通过采用水、石墨烯等宽带损耗材料;其二,构建多层、夹层及阶跃结构,利用多谐振耦合效应展宽频带;其三,结合Salisbury屏与超表面设计,通过调控反射相位实现可控宽带响应;其四,引入三维超材料结构,增强谐振与阻抗匹配能力;其五,基于拓扑优化与等效电路模型实现结构图案的逆向设计与性能定制。当前,宽带透明吸波体仍面临角度稳定性、环境适应性和现有优化方法带来提升有限等挑战。未来,物理信息神经网络与端到端优化框架有望高效突破多目标高维优化瓶颈。本文系统梳理了相关理论、材料与方法,旨在为高性能宽带超材料透明吸波体的研究提供参考。

Abstract

Broadband transparent metamaterial absorbers play an irreplaceable role in the field of electromagnetic shielding and protection for both military and civilian transparent windows, owing to their ability to balance visible light transmission and microwave absorption and their most critical performance characteristic as the working bandwidth. The work aims to comprehensively review the research progress on broadband transparent metamaterial absorbers, focusing on their design theories, material systems, and methods for enhancing bandwidth. Firstly, the fundamental electromagnetic theories for transparent absorbers, including impedance matching theory, effective medium theory, equivalent circuit models, and multiple interference theory are presented, providing a theoretical framework. The Smith retrieval method is introduced for constitutive parameter extraction. Subsequently, the equivalent circuit approach overcomes effective medium theory limitations by linking geometrical features with electromagnetic parameters and analyzing inter-element interactions. However, for complex patterns, building equivalent circuit models via function fitting is cumbersome, yielding non-unique solutions, and tending to converge to local optima. In terms of material selection, the dielectric spacer in transparent microwave absorbers must simultaneously serve as a mechanical support and contribute to electromagnetic tuning, generally requiring electrical non-conductivity and high optical transmittance. Although air, with the lowest relative permittivity, enables the widest absorption bandwidth, materials such as PMMA and PVC represent more practical choices for flexible transparent dielectrics once structural integrity is considered. The impedance-matching layer commonly employs transparent conductive materials like graphene, transparent conductive oxides (e.g., ITO), or metallic grids, where periodic patterning is used to introduce inductive or capacitive responses that broaden the absorption bandwidth. However, each of these materials involves inherent trade-offs between performance and fabrication process. The ground plane needs to combine low sheet resistance with high visible transmittance: while metallic grids can achieve an excellent balance between these two requirements, their processing difficulty and cost become limiting factors for high-frequency applications. Next, various approaches for working bandwidth expansion are summarized: (1) employing broadband loss materials like water and graphene; (2) constructing multilayer, sandwich, and step structures to broaden the bandwidth by leveraging multi-resonance coupling effects; (3) combining Salisbury screen designs with meta-surfaces to achieve controllable broadband responses through the modulation of reflection phase; (4) introducing three-dimensional metamaterial structures to enhance resonance and impedance matching capabilities; and (5) implementing inverse design and performance customization of structural patterns based on topology optimization and equivalent circuit models. Furthermore, several typical studies are cited as examples to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of these methods in enhancing absorption bandwidth while maintaining optical transparency. However, the current research still faces multiple challenges for practical applications, including further improving angular and polarization stability, achieving structural thinning, and developing novel absorbers with features such as dynamic tunability, resilience to extreme environments, flexibility for wearable applications, and multi-band synergistic absorption. Additionally, although machine learning has begun to assist in design, it currently primarily serves as a simulation surrogate model and remains constrained by data dependency, computational costs, and model capacity. In the future, by integrating physics-informed neural networks and developing end-to-end optimization frameworks, it is expected to more efficiently break the design bottlenecks associated with multi-objective, high-dimensional parameter spaces. In summary, through a comprehensive review of the theories, materials, and methods related to broadband transparent metamaterial absorbers, the work aims to provide a reference and inspiration for subsequent research and engineering applications of high-performance, multifunctional transparent absorption structures.

导出引用

张智博, 闵萍萍, 宋梓诚, 王天宇, 陈瑞润, 朱嘉琦. 基于超材料的宽带透明吸波体研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(16): 226-245

ZHANG Zhibo, MIN Pingping, SONG Zicheng, WANG Tianyu, CHEN Ruirun, ZHU Jiaqi. Research Progress of Broadband Transparent Absorbers Based on Metamaterials[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(16): 226-245

中图分类号： TB34

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