目的 提升碳纤维金属基复合材料的界面结合性能,探索碳纤维Fe-Ni合金基复合材料制备新工艺路径。方法 采用热处理与浓硝酸对碳纤维表面进行预处理,再使用不同电流密度在碳纤维表面沉积Fe-Ni合金。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和能量色散光谱仪（EDS）分别表征碳纤维表面形貌、表面官能团及元素含量与分布。采用单电流密度工艺和双电流密度工艺制备了碳纤维增强Fe-Ni合金复合材料,使用万能拉伸试验机测试不同工艺下碳纤维与镀层的界面结合力。结果 先使用热处理再使用浓硝酸预处理后,碳纤维表面含氧量达21.78%,此时表面官能团数量最多,其中羟基占比28.82%、羧基占比8.61%,优于其他两种预处理方案;在最优预处理基础上采用不同的单电流密度工艺沉积2 400 s,测试纤维与金属间界面剪切强度,峰值为4.71 MPa,此时单电流密度为8 A/dm2;采用双电流密度后界面剪切强度提升至5.17 MPa,提高了9.8%,且镀层表面形成连接紧密的整体化表面。结论 本研究通过预处理和双电流密度工艺,实现了在碳纤维表面进行Fe-Ni合金的可控沉积,为直接使用电沉积获得碳纤维金属基复合材料成为可能。
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites have been widely applied in high-end fields such as aerospace and military industries due to their advantages of lightweight and high strength. However, the carbon fiber surface is inert with a low content of oxygen-containing functional groups, resulting in poor interfacial bonding with the metal matrix. In addition, traditional processes like sintering are complicated and tend to degrade the performance of carbon fibers. To address these issues, the work aims to prepare carbon fiber Fe-Ni alloy matrix composites via surface pretreatment combined with electrodeposition, to simplify the preparation process and enhance interfacial bonding strength. The research was conducted as follows. In the pretreatment stage, leveraging the difference in thermal stability between carbon fibers and organic sizing agents, carbon fibers were heat-treated at 200-250 ℃. This treatment allowed the organic sizing agents to vaporize completely, while retaining the bulk structure of carbon fibers and exposing their natural groove structures, thus preliminarily increasing the hydroxyl content on the fiber surface. Subsequently, concentrated nitric acid was used for oxidation. By virtue of its strong oxidizing and acidic properties, more abundant surface grooves were constructed, and the contents of oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) were further improved, providing sufficient active sites for the subsequent electrodeposition of Fe-Ni alloys. In the electrodeposition stage, the process parameters were first optimized by adjusting single current densities. On this basis, a dual-current density process was adopted to fabricate the composites. The surface morphology was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface functional groups were analyzed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the elemental composition was determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The interfacial bonding strength between the coating and carbon fibers was measured with a WDW-100 universal testing machine. For each group of carbon fiber/Fe-Ni alloy composite samples, five parallel tests were conducted, and the arithmetic mean of the five test results was taken as the final interfacial bonding strength index of the sample. The results demonstrated that the pretreatment achieved remarkable effects: the organic sizing agents on the carbon fiber surface were completely removed and the oxygen content of carbon fibers increased to 21.78%, among which hydroxyl and carboxyl groups accounted for 28.82% and 8.61%, respectively. These changes created favorable conditions for the electrodeposition of Fe-Ni alloys. In the single current density experiments, the interfacial shear strength reached a peak value of 4.71 MPa at a current density of 8 A/dm2. When the dual-current density process was employed, the interfacial shear strength was further improved to 5.17 MPa, representing an increase of 9.8%. Meanwhile, the alloy coating formed a compact and well-integrated structure. Compared with traditional methods, the direct electrodeposition process significantly simplifies the preparation steps, avoids carbon fiber damage caused by high-temperature sintering, and reduces the number of variables during the forming process. This work verifies the feasibility and optimization effect of the proposed method through concrete experimental data, providing strong technical support for the industrial application of carbon fiber/Fe-Ni alloy composites.
关键词
碳纤维Fe-Ni合金基复合材料 /
表面预处理 /
电沉积 /
表面形貌 /
界面结合强度
Key words
carbon fiber-reinforced Fe-Ni alloy matrix composite /
surface pretreatment /
electrodeposition /
surface morphology /
interfacial bonding strength
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基金
国家自然科学基金（52575501,52505483）
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