目的 针对65Mn钢在高应力、高冲击和高磨损工况下容易出现表面磨损和裂纹,导致失效频发等问题。方法 采用等离子弧焊（PAW）和熔化极活性气体保护焊（MAG焊）分别在65Mn钢基体上制备了Fe-Cr-C合金堆焊层,研究了两种堆焊方法对堆焊组织及性能的影响。结果 两种方法堆焊后,堆焊层与基体结合良好,堆焊层未见明显缺陷。基体组织由先共析铁素体（PF）和珠光体（P）组成,堆焊层由α-Fe和Fe-Cr固溶体枝晶组织以及(Fe,Cr)7C3枝晶间组织组成。与PAW相比较,MAG焊堆焊试样基体组织P片层间距较大,铁素体（Fe）含量较高,并且堆焊层枝晶间组织较为粗大、致密和连通性较好。PAW堆焊试样基体平均显微硬度为258.8HV,比MAG焊提高了10.3%。而PAW堆焊层平均显微硬度为753.2HV,比MAG焊降低了3.3%。PAW比MAG焊堆焊试样冲击功提高了62.4%,两种堆焊试样冲击断口中基体和堆焊层均为准解理脆性断裂特征。两种堆焊层磨损率相较于基体分别下降了64.5%和71.0%,而MAG焊比PAW堆焊层磨损率下降了18.2%。MAG焊堆焊层表面粗糙度最小,耐磨性最好,PAW次之,65Mn基体较差。65Mn基体和两种堆焊层磨损机制均为磨粒磨损。结论 PAW堆焊试样适用于承受较高冲击载荷的耐磨部件,而MAG焊堆焊试样适合于高磨损环境下的表面强化部件。
Abstract
In view of the problems that 65Mn steel is prone to surface wear and cracks under high stress, high impact and high wear conditions, leading to frequent failures. Fe-Cr-C alloy surfacing layers are prepared on the 65Mn steel substrate by plasma arc welding (PAW) and metal active gas Welding (MAG welding), respectively. The effects of the two surfacing methods on the surfacing microstructure and properties are studied. After surfacing with both methods, the surfacing layers exhibit excellent bonding with the substrates without obvious defects. The substrate microstructure is composed of proeutectoid ferrite (PF) and pearlite (P), while the surfacing layers consist of α-Fe, Fe-Cr solid solution dendrites, and inter-dendritic (Fe,Cr)7C3 carbides. Compared with PAW, the substrate of MAG-welded specimens presents a larger pearlite lamellar spacing and higher ferrite content, and the inter-dendritic structures in the surfacing layers are coarser, denser, and more interconnected. The Cr element in the PAW surfacing layer diffuses into the substrate, forming weakened Fe-Cr carbides, whereas no obvious diffusion is observed in the MAG-welded specimens. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the main phases of both surfacing layers are α-Fe, Fe-Cr solid solution, and (Fe,Cr)7C3 carbides, which are consistent with the results of microstructural analysis. The average microhardness of the substrate in PAW specimens reaches 258.8HV, which is 10.3% higher than that of MAG-welded specimens. In contrast, the average microhardness of the PAW surfacing layer is 753.2HV, 3.3% lower than that of the MAG surfacing layer. For both surfacing layers, the microhardness of the inter-dendritic (Fe,Cr)7C3 carbides is approximately 770.3HV, which is about 14.8% higher than that of the dendritic Fe-Cr solid solution. The impact energy of PAW specimens is 62.4% higher than that of MAG-welded specimens. The impact fracture surfaces of both surfacing specimens show characteristics of quasi-cleavage brittle fracture in both substrate and surfacing layer regions. The superior impact toughness of PAW specimens is attributed to the fine, loose, and poorly interconnected (Fe,Cr)7C3 inter-dendritic structure. The wear rates of 65Mn substrate, PAW surfacing layer, and MAG surfacing layer are 7.75×10‒3, 2.75×10‒3, and 2.25×10‒3 mm3/(N·m), respectively. Compared with the 65Mn substrate, the wear rates of the two surfacing layers decrease by 64.5% and 71.0%, respectively; additionally, the wear rate of the MAG surfacing layer is 18.2% lower than that of the PAW surfacing layer. The MAG surfacing layer possesses the minimum surface roughness and the best wear resistance, followed by the PAW surfacing layer, while the 65Mn substrate exhibits the poorest wear resistance. The wear mechanism of both the 65Mn substrate and the two surfacing layers are identified as abrasive wear. PAW surfacing specimens possess higher impact toughness and good surface wear resistance, making them suitable for wear-resistant components subjected to high impact loads. In contrast, MAG-welded specimens have relatively lower impact toughness but exhibit superior performance in improving wear resistance, which are ideal for surface-strengthened components used in high-wear environments.
关键词
等离子弧焊 /
熔化极活性气体保护焊 /
65Mn钢 /
Fe-Cr-C合金 /
堆焊组织 /
显微硬度 /
冲击韧性 /
耐磨性
Key words
plasma arc welding /
metal active gas welding /
65Mn steel /
Fe-Cr-C Alloy /
surfacing microstructure /
microhardness /
impact toughness /
wear resistance
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基金
西安石油大学研究生创新基金项目（YCX2513146）
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