目的 针对传统光谱选择性涂层易污染、功能单一与耐久性不足的瓶颈,本研究开发了一种集光谱调控与超疏水自清洁功能于一体的透明复合涂层。方法 通过将氧化铟锡（ITO）纳米颗粒、紫外吸收剂与聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）基体复合,并在表面喷涂疏水型二氧化硅（SiO2）纳米颗粒,构建了兼具多重功能的新型复合涂层（TSOM@Glass）。结果 研究了该涂层的疏水性、光学性能、隔热性能、抗紫外线性能和自清洁性能。结果表明,该涂层在可见光波段具有高透过率（可见光透光率Tlum=0.52）,并能有效屏蔽紫外（紫外光透光率TUV=0.01）与隔绝近红外热量（红外透光率TNIR=0.39）,同时其表面还具备超疏水特性（水接触角162.3°,滚动角9.7°）。与普通玻璃和商用ITO玻璃相比,该涂层在隔热测试中可使吸热物体的降温幅度分别达8.4 ℃和3.9 ℃,涂层厚度约为19.5 μm,经144 h紫外老化测试后,表面水接触角仍可维持150°以上,展现出良好的抗紫外老化能力与自清洁性能。结论 与普通玻璃和商用ITO玻璃相比,TSOM@Glass具有较好的隔热性能和疏水性能。通过喷涂工艺可优化其疏水性,所制备涂层将光谱选择性与超疏水特性集成于一体,为建筑节能窗、车窗等户外透明材料提供了一种多功能一体化解决方案,具有重要的工程应用价值。
Abstract
Conventional spectrally selective coatings for energy-saving windows suffer from critical bottlenecks including susceptibility to surface contamination, single functionality, and insufficient long-term durability, which severely degrades optical performance and energy efficiency. To address these challenges, the work aims to design and fabricate a novel transparent composite coating (TSOM@Glass) that synergistically combines high-performance spectral regulation with robust superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties.
The coating was fabricated through a sequential composite process. Firstly, indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles (30 nm) were ultrasonically dispersed in anhydrous ethanol for 20 minutes. The dispersion was then mixed with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer and stirred at 70 ℃ to remove the ethanol solvent, forming a viscous ITO-PDMS blend. A UV absorber (UV-326) dissolved in n-hexane was subsequently incorporated into the blend under stirring. After addition of the PDMS curing agent at a 10∶1 ratio, the mixture was applied onto glass substrates with a doctor-blade technique to form a uniform base layer with controlled thickness. Finally, hydrophobic silica (SiO2) nanoparticles were spray-coated onto the cured surface at 50 ℃. The coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy for morphology, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis, and spectrophotometry for optical properties across ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (NIR) spectra. Hydrophobicity was evaluated by water contact angle and rolling angle measurements. Thermal insulation performance was assessed by monitoring temperature rise under simulated solar irradiation (100 mW/cm2) with both a closed cavity setup and a black-body absorber configuration. UV resistance was tested via exposure to UV light for 144 hours with water contact angle tracking, and self-cleaning capability was demonstrated through particle removal tests on inclined dust-covered surfaces.
The resulting TSOM@Glass exhibited a micro/nano-scale rough surface with a uniform thickness of approximately 19.5 μm. It achieved excellent superhydrophobicity with an average water contact angle of 162.3° and an average rolling angle of 9.7°, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of low surface energy from PDMS and hydrophobic SiO2 combined with the micro/nano hierarchical roughness. In terms of spectral selectivity, the coating maintained a visible light transmittance of 0.52, dramatically reduced UV transmittance to 0.01, and lowered NIR transmittance to 0.39. Thermal insulation tests showed that after 900 seconds of irradiation, the internal temperature under TSOM@Glass reached only 26.2 ℃, which was 2.1 ℃ lower than that under plain glass and 1.3 ℃ lower than that under commercial ITO glass. In the black-body absorber test, temperature reductions of up to 8.4 ℃ and 3.9 ℃ were achieved after 6 minutes compared to plain glass and ITO glass, respectively. Moreover, the coating exhibited remarkable UV stability, retaining a water contact angle above 150° after 144 hours of UV aging with no significant structural damage observed. Self-cleaning tests demonstrated that water droplets readily rolled off the inclined surface (rolling angle 9.7°) under gravity, completely removing contaminant particles without residue.
The TSOM@Glass coating achieves a synergistic combination of satisfactory visible transparency, exceptional UV/NIR blocking, efficient thermal insulation, UV resistance, and reliable self-cleaning ability. This integrated functionality directly overcomes the key limitations of environmental fouling and material degradation in conventional spectrally selective coatings, offering a promising and practical solution for energy-efficient building windows, automotive glazing, and other outdoor transparent systems.
关键词
透明超疏水涂层 /
光谱调控 /
近红外阻隔 /
自清洁 /
抗紫外耐久性
Key words
transparent superhydrophobic coating /
spectral regulation /
near-infrared blocking /
self-cleaning /
UV durability
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目（52471363）; 山东省自然科学基金（ZR2023ME018）
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