目的 飞机复合材料雷达罩作为机体迎风面重要组件,在高速经过雨场时机体蒙皮会产生多重损伤导致雷达罩性能显著下降,危及飞机的飞行安全。因此,通常在其表面涂敷抗雨蚀涂层以保证雷达罩对性能防护的需求。方法 为了明晰雷达罩蒙皮涂层雨蚀损伤机理,探究不同条件下涂层材料损伤影响因素及其作用机制,本文采用T300碳纤维材料作为基体,表面涂敷环氧底漆与聚氨酯面漆的涂层作为研究试样,在不同冲击速度下评估了表面涂有不同种类、不同厚度航空聚氨酯涂层试样的雨蚀损伤行为。结果 研究结果表明,雨蚀损伤的典型形貌为环状损伤,由损伤区域环绕中央未损伤区域组成,且随着损伤程度的加重,逐渐形成圆形剥离损伤;对三种涂层试样的损伤程度进行量化表征,通过拟合数据得到损伤面积和体积随射流冲击速度的不断提高均呈增加趋势;在涂层雨蚀损伤的影响因素中,表面粗糙度的作用比硬度、模量等力学参数更为突出;当底漆厚度相同时,随着面漆厚度的增加,雨蚀损伤面积逐渐减小;在面漆厚度相同时,随着底漆厚度从100 μm增至150 μm,雨蚀损伤面积逐渐增大;当底漆厚度增加到250 μm时,雨蚀损伤面积反而减小,这种现象是由于涂层底漆厚度超过防护临界厚度后,应力波的反射和透射作用降低所致。在漆层总厚度不变时,损伤程度随底漆与面漆比值的增大呈现先增加后减小的趋势。结论 在雷达罩蒙皮涂层的雨蚀防护中,可以在规定厚度内通过提高面漆所占比例来降低雨蚀损伤。
Abstract
As a critical component on the leading edge of an aircraft's airframe, the composite radar dome is susceptible to multiple types of damage to its skin when the aircraft passes through rain showers at high speed, resulting in a significant decline in the dome's performance and posing a threat to flight safety. Therefore, a rain-erosion-resistant coating is typically applied to its surface to ensure that the dome meets performance protection requirements. To elucidate the mechanism of rain erosion damage to the radar dome skin coating and to investigate the factors affecting coating damage and their mechanisms of action under different conditions, this work used T300 carbon fiber as the substrate and applied a coating consisting of an epoxy primer and a polyurethane topcoat as test specimens. The rain erosion damage behavior of specimens coated with different types and thicknesses of aerospace polyurethane coatings was evaluated at various impact velocities. Three thickness configurations were established: with a uniform primer thickness of 200 μm and topcoat thicknesses of 200, 250, and 350 μm, with a uniform topcoat thickness of 300 μm and primer thicknesses of 100, 150, and 250 μm and with a total coating thickness of 500 μm and primer-to-topcoat ratios of 1∶4, 3∶7, 1∶1, and 3∶2. The test setup consisted of a single-jet test platform based on a 10-mm light gas gun, providing jet velocities ranging from 360 to 617 m/s for this experiment. The results indicated that the typical morphology of rain erosion damage was annular, consisting of a damaged region surrounding a central undamaged area. As the damage severity increased, it gradually evolved into circular delamination damage. The severity of damage to the three coating specimens was quantitatively characterized. Data fitting revealed that both the damaged area and volume increased as the jet impact velocity rose. At a 15° impact angle, the velocity threshold at which visible damage began to appear on the coating surface was approximately 360 m/s. Among the factors affecting rain erosion damage to the coating, surface roughness played a more significant role than mechanical parameters such as hardness and modulus of elasticity. When the primer thickness is constant, the area of rain erosion damage gradually decreases as the topcoat thickness increases. A thicker topcoat can mitigate the effects of stress waves and water hammer pressure at the topcoat-primer interface, thereby reducing damage. When the topcoat thickness remains constant, the area of rain-erosion damage gradually increases as the primer thickness increases from 100 μm to 150 μm. However, when the primer thickness reaches 250 μm, the area of rain-erosion damage actually decreases. This phenomenon is attributed to reduced reflection and transmission of stress waves once the primer thickness exceeds the critical protective thickness. When the total coating thickness remains constant, the extent of damage initially increases and then decreases as the ratio of primer to topcoat increases. This indicates that, within the specified thickness range, rain erosion damage to radar dome skin coatings can be reduced by increasing the proportion of topcoat.
关键词
高速飞行器 /
雨蚀损伤 /
蒙皮涂层 /
射流冲击 /
损伤评估
Key words
high-speed aircraft /
rain-erosion damage /
skin coating /
jet impact /
damage assessment
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基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目（12261131505,U2241274）; 航空科学基金项目（20240002053002）; 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划（2025JC-YBMS-005）; 陕西省重点研发计划项目（2024GX-YBXM-037）; 太仓市基础研究项目（TC2024JC10）
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