目的 寻求一种既能有效增黏又能降低损伤的硬质增黏颗粒。方法 以微米级二氧化硅和氧化铝粉末为原料,制备未烧结二氧化硅、烧结二氧化硅（烧结温度1 100 ℃）、未烧结氧化铝、烧结氧化铝（烧结温度1 650 ℃）等4种增黏颗粒,并与传统石英砂和氧化铝颗粒进行对比。通过单轴压缩试验和轮轨滚动接触模拟试验,系统研究水态颗粒的破碎特性及其对轮轨黏着、磨损与损伤的影响。结果 烧结颗粒（烧结二氧化硅、烧结氧化铝）的破碎强度（烧结二氧化硅为48 MPa、烧结氧化铝为67 MPa）均高于未烧结颗粒（未烧结二氧化硅为11 MPa、未烧结氧化铝为20 MPa）,烧结颗粒较未烧结颗粒轮轨增黏效果更佳,但导致的轮轨磨损损伤也更严重。氧化铝型颗粒的增黏效果普遍优于二氧化硅型颗粒,但导致的磨损更严重。烧结氧化铝颗粒的增黏效果与天然氧化铝接近（较石英砂提升约14%）,但磨损率更低（较石英砂高92%,而天然氧化铝高150%）。结论 硬质颗粒进入轮轨界面后发生破碎,颗粒破碎后的犁沟作用是轮轨增黏核心机制。烧结氧化铝颗粒和氧化铝颗粒都具有较高的破碎强度,破碎后微粒较为分散,不易团聚,犁沟作用明显,所以具有较高的轮轨黏着系数提升效果。较天然氧化铝颗粒,烧结氧化铝结构致密,内部缺陷尺寸小,破碎后产生的微粒尺寸较小,且棱角圆钝,能有效减轻轮轨磨损与损伤。烧结氧化铝颗粒因优化了破碎特性与微观结构,在实现高增黏效果的同时显著降低了轮轨磨损与损伤,是水态下最优的增黏颗粒选择。
Abstract
The application of sand to the wheel-rail interface is a widely employed method to improve the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient under low adhesion conditions. Although sand can improve the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient under low-adhesion conditions, it exacerbates wear and damage of wheel and rail. The current challenge lies in achieving a balance between high adhesion enhancement and low material damage.
To achieve the dual objectives of enhancing wheel-rail adhesion and reducing damage, four kinds of adhesion-enhancement particles were prepared with micron-sized SiO2 and Al2O3 powders as raw materials: unsintered SiO2, sintered SiO2 (sintering temperature: 1 100 ℃), unsintered Al2O3, and sintered Al2O3 (sintering temperature: 1 650 ℃). Quartz sand and alumina particles were also used for comparison with the prepared adhesion-enhancement particles. In terms of primary composition, the particles were categorized into SiO2-type particles, including unsintered SiO2 particles, sintered SiO2 particles and quartz sand, and Al2O3-type particles, including unsintered Al2O3 particles, sintered Al2O3 particles and alumina particles. All particles used in the tests were sieved to same size range of 0.8-1.2 mm. The uniaxial compression tests were conducted to investigate the crushing characteristics of particles. The wheel-rail rolling contact simulation tests under water condition were performed on a twin-disc wheel-rail simulation testing machine to study the effects of particles on adhesion, wear, and damage behavior. The morphology and size of the particle fragments after particle crushing were also studied.
Sintered particles (sintered SiO2 and sintered Al2O3) exhibited higher crushing strengths (48 MPa for SiO2, 67 MPa for sintered Al2O3) than unsintered particles (11 MPa for unsintered SiO2, 20 MPa for unsintered Al2O3). All particles could effectively improve the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient under water condition, meeting the operational requirements of trains. When particles were applied, the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient increased rapidly to a peak value within a short duration, then decreased gradually before finally stabilizing. The Al2O3-type particles provided better wheel-rail adhesion enhancement effect than the SiO2-type particles, but caused more severe wheel-rail wear and damage. Compared to unsintered prepared particles, sintered prepared particles performed better on wheel-rail adhesion-enhancement effect, but it led to severer wheel-rail wear and damage. Among SiO2-type particles, unsintered SiO2 particles performed the worst adhesion enhancement effect and caused the least wheel-rail wear and damage. The adhesion enhancement effect on wheel-rail of sintered SiO2 particles was slightly lower than that of quartz sand particle, but the wheel-rail wear and damage it caused was lighter. Among Al2O3-type particles, unsintered Al2O3 particles performed the poorest wheel-rail adhesion-enhancement effect, also resulting in the least wheel-rail wear and damage. Alumina particles and sintered Al2O3 particles performed best wheel-rail adhesion coefficient improvement effect, but sintered Al2O3 particles caused less wheel-rail wear and damage than alumina particles. Compared to quarter sand, sintered Al2O3 particles and alumina particles increased the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient by about 14%. However, the wear rates caused by sintered Al2O3 particles and alumina particles were approximately 92% and 150% higher, respectively, than that of quarter sand.
Hard particles would be crushed into fragments when entering the wheel-rail interface, and the plowing effect generated by the crushed fragments served as the core mechanism for enhancing wheel-rail adhesion. Both sintered Al2O3 and natural alumina particles exhibited high crushing strength. High crushing strength resulted fragments after crushing were well-dispersed and difficult to agglomeration, which produced a significant plowing effect and leaded to a significant improvement in the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient. Compared to natural alumina, sintered Al2O3 particles possessed a denser structure with smaller internal defects. After crushing, it produced finer fragments with more rounded edges and smaller sizes, thereby effectively reducing wear and damages to the wheel-rail. Thus, given that achieving the highest wheel-rail adhesion was paramount, with the material damage caused by particles being a secondary consideration, sintered Al2O3 particle was the optimal particle for wheel-rail sanding under water condition.
关键词
增黏颗粒 /
破碎强度 /
轮轨黏着 /
磨损与损伤 /
颗粒破碎
Key words
adhesion enhancement particle /
crushing strength /
wheel-rail adhesion /
wear and damage /
particle crushing
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基金
国家自然科学基金（52475202）; 高端轴承摩擦学技术与应用国家地方联合工程实验室开放基金项目（202607）
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