相同硬度下不同显微组织对TC4钛合金磨损机理的作用机制

邵旭奇; 孙胃涛; 刘美芹; 章健; 张振强

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.11.014

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (11) : 153-165. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.11.014

摩擦磨损与润滑

相同硬度下不同显微组织对TC4钛合金磨损机理的作用机制

邵旭奇¹, 孙胃涛^1,2,*, 刘美芹¹, 章健¹, 张振强³

作者信息 +

Effect of Different Microstructures on Wear Mechanism of TC4 Titanium Alloy at the Same Hardness Level

SHAO Xuqi¹, SUN Weitao^1,2,*, LIU Meiqin¹, ZHANG Jian¹, ZHANG Zhenqiang³

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

目的厘清在剥夺硬度变量后显微组织构型对TC4钛合金摩擦学性能的主导作用。方法采用真空电弧熔炼（铸态）、激光粉末床熔融（细晶强化）及固溶时效热处理（沉淀强化）,制备了2种硬度相近（≈395HV）但组织迥异的试样,并进行球-盘往复摩擦试验（载荷5、15 N,频率1、3 Hz）。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）等手段重点分析试样的摩擦学行为。结果尽管硬度水平相当,不同组织试样表现出显著差异的摩擦响应,在5 N+1 Hz条件下,细晶强化试样因超细组织呈现最低摩擦系数（0.41）;当频率升高至3 Hz时,沉淀强化试样因形成稳定氧化膜,摩擦系数降至最低（0.40）,磨损机制以氧化磨损为主;细晶强化试样因缺陷与脆性α′相作用,摩擦系数急剧升高（0.58）并出现疲劳剥落;铸态试样则发生黏着磨损主导的转变。在高载条件下,组织稳定性成为影响耐磨性能的关键,沉淀强化试样凭借细密基体有效抑制裂纹扩展,磨损率最低;细晶强化试样因缺陷处疲劳扩展加剧磨损;铸态试样则因组织粗大发生严重黏着与材料转移。结论微观组织的“构型质量”（均匀性、稳定性、完整性）是比宏观硬度更关键的抗磨因素,本研究为面向特定工况的耐磨材料设计提供组织选型准则。

Abstract

This research is systematically conducted to elucidate the dominant role of microstructural configuration in governing the tribological performance of TC4 titanium alloy, following the effective isolation of the macroscopic hardness variable. To achieve this objective, samples with comparable hardness levels (approximately 395HV) but distinctly different microstructural characteristics are meticulously prepared through three distinct processing routes: vacuum arc melting (resulting in an as-cast, coarse microstructure), laser powder bed fusion (producing a fine-grained microstructure with ultrafine grains), and solution treatment followed by aging (yielding a precipitation-strengthened microstructure with finely dispersed secondary phases). A comprehensive tribological evaluation is performed using a ball-on-disc reciprocating sliding tester under varying operational conditions, specifically employing two normal loads (5 N and 15 N) and two sliding frequencies (1 Hz and 3 Hz). Subsequent to testing, detailed surface morphology and subsurface microstructural analyses are carried out utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to accurately identify the dominant wear mechanisms and damage progression.
The results unequivocally demonstrate that, despite the near-identical bulk hardness, the tribological responses, encompassing the coefficient of friction, wear rate, and damage modes, vary significantly across the different microstructural configurations. Under the relatively mild conditions of 5 N and 1 Hz, the fine-grained sample exhibit the lowest coefficient of friction (0.41). This superior performance is attributed to its homogeneous ultrafine-grained structure, which effectively mitigates stress concentration at the contact surface, promoting more uniform deformation. However, when the sliding frequency is increased to 3 Hz, the precipitation-strengthened sample demonstrates the minimum friction coefficient (0.40), facilitated by the formation of a stable, continuous, and adherent titanium oxide (predominantly TiO₂) lubricating layer on its surface, indicating a shift to oxidative wear as the primary mechanism. In stark contrast, under these same dynamic conditions, the fine-grained sample suffers a sharp increase in the friction coefficient (0.58), accompanied by clear evidence of fatigue spalling. This detrimental behavior is linked to the synergistic interaction between inherent process-induced defects (e.g., minor porosity) and the intrinsically brittle nature of the acicular α′ martensite phase formed during rapid solidification, which accelerates crack initiation and propagation under cyclic loading. Meanwhile, the as-cast sample, with its coarse and thermally unstable microstructure, experiences a predominant transition to severe adhesive wear, characterized by substantial plastic deformation and material transfer onto the counterface.
The critical influence of microstructural stability becomes even more pronounced under the high-load condition of 15 N. Here, the precipitation-strengthened sample outperforms the others significantly in terms of wear resistance. Its fine and dense matrix, strengthened by homogeneous precipitates, is proved highly effective in suppressing plastic deformation, impeding crack initiation, and hindering the propagation of cracks, thereby resulting in the lowest wear rate. Conversely, wear in the fine-grained sample is markedly exacerbated by accelerated fatigue crack propagation originating from stress concentrations at microstructural defects. The as-cast sample, plagued by its coarse and mechanically unstable grain structure, undergoes the most severe damage, dominated by extensive adhesion and gross material transfer, leading to the highest wear loss.
In conclusion, this study firmly establishes that the "configuration quality" of the microstructure, defined by its homogeneity, stability against deformation and crack growth, and overall integrity (low defect density), is a far more critical and fundamental factor in determining the wear resistance of TC4 titanium alloy than the macroscopic hardness alone. These findings provide vital guidelines for the microstructural design and selection of high-performance, wear-resistant titanium alloy tailored for specific service conditions involving varying stresses, sliding speeds, and environmental factors.

导出引用

邵旭奇, 孙胃涛, 刘美芹, 章健, 张振强. 相同硬度下不同显微组织对TC4钛合金磨损机理的作用机制[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(11): 153-165

SHAO Xuqi, SUN Weitao, LIU Meiqin, ZHANG Jian, ZHANG Zhenqiang. Effect of Different Microstructures on Wear Mechanism of TC4 Titanium Alloy at the Same Hardness Level[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(11): 153-165

中图分类号： TH117

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