目的 为了提高耐磨钢NM500的服役寿命,需对宽温域NM500摩擦磨损行为进行探究,以阐明磨损温度对耐磨性能的影响机制,为耐磨钢性能提升提供理论依据。方法 通过高温摩擦磨损试验机进行NM500钢在-50~600 ℃宽温域的摩擦磨损测试,使用SEM和EBSD对NM500钢组织进行表征,使用XRD、SEM、3D激光共聚焦显微镜对磨损后的磨痕进行分析,进而讨论宽温域内耐磨钢的磨损机制。结果 NM500随着磨损温度升高,磨损表面氧化物增多,摩擦系数降低,最低为0.3,较低温磨损下降低50%。低温磨损表面主要是为犁沟形貌和少量磨粒组成,高温磨损表面较为光滑,存在少量的磨料和裂纹。磨损轨迹三维形貌显示低温磨损程度较轻,高温磨损深度较大,同时磨损轨迹两侧凸起。低温磨损以磨粒磨损为主,伴随少量黏着磨损,磨损率仅为1.29×10-6 mm3/(N·m),高温磨损主要是黏着磨损、氧化磨损和磨粒磨损,100、200、300、600 ℃磨损率分别为18×10-6、22.7×10-6、46.7×10-6、128× 10-6 mm3/(N·m),磨损温度升高加剧了磨损行为。结论 NM500钢具有细小板条状马氏体组织（晶粒尺寸7.08 μm）,因而具有较高的硬度和优异的耐磨性。模拟了在高低温磨损工况下的磨损机制,在低温下,磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主导;随着温度升高到室温以上,磨损机制受氧化磨损的影响逐步加大,磨粒磨损和氧化磨损主要机制,磨损表面产生连续的氧化膜降低磨损率;温度为600 ℃时,摩擦热效应显著增强、氧化膜增多,同时织构强度降低,易发生氧化膜剥离,导致磨损量和磨损率增加,磨损机制转变为以氧化磨损为主、黏着磨损为辅。
Abstract
To extend the service life of wear-resistant steel NM500, the friction and wear behavior of NM500 over a wide temperature range are investigated, so as to clarify the influence mechanism of temperature on wear resistance and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the performance of wear-resistant steels. Systematic friction and wear tests are conducted on NM500 steel, which is processed under specified thermo-mechanical conditions including heating at 1 200 ℃, rough rolling commencing at 1 100 ℃, intermediate slab thickness of 140 mm, finish rolling initiated at 930 ℃, followed by quenching at 910 °C and tempering at 220 ℃. The experiments are performed under a controlled set of tribological parameters: a rotational speed of 354 r/min, a normal load of 150 N, a wear track diameter of 15 mm, and a test duration of 60 minutes. The temperature is varied across a broad spectrum encompassing cryogenic (-50, -25, 0 ℃), ambient (25 ℃), and elevated (100, 200, 300, 600 ℃) regimes to comprehensively evaluate its tribological performance. The microstructure of NM500 steel is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Phase analysis of the wear scars after testing is conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the morphology of the worn surfaces is examined using both SEM and 3D laser confocal microscopy. This study discusses the wear resistance properties and wear mechanisms of NM500 steel across a broad temperature span. With increasing temperature, the amount of oxide formed on the worn surface of NM500 increases, and the friction coefficient decreases, reaching a minimum of 0.3, which is 50% lower than that at lower temperature. At low temperature, the worn surface mainly shows ploughing grooves and some abrasive particles, while at high temperature, the surface appears relatively smooth with fewer abrasive particles and visible microcracks. Three-dimensional profiles of the wear tracks indicate that wear at low temperature is relatively mild, whereas at high temperature, the tracks are deeper with pronounced raised edges. Low-temperature wear is primarily characterized by abrasive mechanisms, accompanied by minor adhesive wear, resulting in a wear rate of only 1.29×10‒6 mm3/(N·m). In contrast, high-temperature wear is dominated by adhesive, oxidative, and abrasive mechanisms. The wear rates recorded at 100, 200, 300 and 600 ℃ were 18×10‒6, 22.7×10‒6, 46.7×10‒6, and 128×10‒6 mm3/(N·m), respectively, indicating that elevated temperature aggravates material loss. The microstructure of NM500 steel consists mainly of fine plate-like martensite, with an average grain size of 7.08 μm. This structure contributes to its high hardness and excellent wear resistance. The friction and wear behavior of NM500 at -50, -25, 0 and 25 ℃ show similar trends. Although the oxide layer on the contact surface increases with temperature, a continuous oxide film is not fully developed, and abrasive wear remains the dominant mechanism. During high-temperature tests at 100, 200, 300 and 600 ℃, significant frictional heat promotes the formation of a continuous oxide film. Both the wear extent and wear rate increase substantially. At 100 ℃ and 200 ℃, abrasive wear is still predominant, with secondary contributions from fatigue and oxidative wear. As temperature increases further, oxidative wear becomes more prominent. Thus, at 300 ℃ and 600 ℃, oxidative wear is the main mechanism, accompanied by some abrasive wear.
关键词
NM500 /
低温磨损 /
高温磨损 /
氧化磨损 /
磨损机理
Key words
NM500 /
low-temperature wear /
high-temperature wear /
oxidative wear /
wear mechanism
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基金
中国山东省重点研发计划（2023ZLGX05,2023CXGC010406）; 国家自然科学基金（52331004,U2106216）; 山东省自然科学基金重点项目（ZR2024ZD14,ZR2022ZD12）; 青岛海洋科技创新项目（25-1-1-gjgg-44-hy）; 泰山学者拔尖人才计划（tspd20230603）
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