目的 随着功率型电子器件向小型化与轻量化方向快速发展,对聚合物电介质复合薄膜的储能性能提出了更高的要求。方法 采用静电纺丝法制备了BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3（BZT）纳米纤维（NF）,并通过聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）对其表面进行包覆改性,利用流延工艺制备了PVDF复合薄膜。结果 实验结果显示：所制备的BZT NF呈现出良好的一维形貌特征,直径分布为70~130 nm,长度介于2~6 μm。由于PVP分子中的官能团可与BZT表面发生相互作用,成功构建出核壳结构的BZT@PVP NF。该表面改性提升了填料在基体中的分散性,增强了两相的界面结合。随着改性填料含量的增加,复合薄膜的介电常数逐步上升。当BZT@PVP NF填充量为7.5%（体积分数）时,该PVDF复合薄膜介电常数达22.1,同时表现出较低的介电损耗和更高的击穿强度。在填充量仅为2.5%（体积分数）时,复合薄膜的储能密度提升至7.41 J/cm³,相较纯PVDF提高了163%。性能提升归因于PVP包覆层的作用,一方面增强了填料与基体之间的界面相容性,另一方面有效阻隔了填料间的接触,抑制了漏电流的产生。有限元模拟进一步证实,PVP改性有助于优化复合体系内部的电场分布,显著提高复合薄膜的耐击穿场强。结论 通过PVP表面包覆改性,可有效调控BZT NF的界面特性,提升复合材料的储能性能,可为高性能聚合物电介质材料的设计与开发提供参考。
Abstract
Dielectric capacitors with high energy storage density are critical components in modern electronics and advanced technological systems. Owing to their ultrahigh power density, nanosecond-scale charge-discharge response, unmatched cyclic stability, and long-term operational reliability, they play an indispensable role in areas such as industrial electronics, high-end medical equipment, and defense systems. With the accelerating trend toward lightweight and miniaturized electronic devices, increasingly stringent demands are being placed on the energy storage density of capacitor components. However, conventional dielectric materials can no longer meet the energy storage requirements of cutting-edge applications, rendering this a key bottleneck limiting further technological advancement. Consequently, the development of high-performance dielectric capacitors for energy storage has become an urgent priority, and the central challenge lies in the design and controllable fabrication of dielectric materials capable of achieving high energy storage density.
One-dimensional BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (BZT) nanofibers (NFs) were fabricated with the electrospinning technique. The surface of these BZT NFs was coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in order to enhance their dispersion within the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix and improve interfacial compatibility. A series of BZT@PVP NF/PVDF composite films with varying filler volume fractions were prepared through a casting process. By combining finite element simulation and experimental characterization methods, the effect mechanism of PVP-modified BZT nanofibers on the microstructure, dielectric properties, and energy storage behavior of the composite materials under different doping concentrations was systematically investigated.
The experimental results demonstrated that the synthesized BZT nanofibers exhibited a typical perovskite crystal structure and possessed excellent one-dimensional morphological characteristics, with a diameter distribution ranging from 70 to 130 nm and a length between 2 and 6 μm. Due to the interaction between functional groups in PVP molecules and the BZT surface, a core-shell structured BZT@PVP NF was successfully constructed. This surface modification strategy significantly improved the uniform dispersion of inorganic fillers within the polymer matrix and enhanced the interfacial bonding between the two phases. As the content of modified nanofibers increased, the dielectric constant of the composite films gradually rose. When the filling amount of BZT@PVP NF reached 7.5vol.%, the dielectric constant of this PVDF composite film attained 22.1 at room temperature, while exhibiting lower dielectric loss and higher breakdown strength. The energy storage performance test revealed that when the filling amount was only 2.5vol.%, the energy storage density of the composite film increased to 7.41 J/cm3, which was approximately 163% higher than that of pure PVDF. The improvement in performance was mainly attributed to the role of the PVP coating layer. On one hand, it enhanced the interfacial compatibility between the filler and matrix and on the other hand, it effectively prevented direct contact between fillers, inhibiting the generation of leakage current. Finite element simulation further confirmed that PVP modification helped optimize the electric field distribution within the composite system, alleviating local electric field concentration, thereby significantly improving the breakdown field strength of the composite films.
Through PVP surface coating modification, the interface characteristics of BZT nanofibers can be effectively regulated, achieving a synergistic enhancement of the dielectric constant and breakdown field strength of PVDF-based composite films at a lower filling ratio, thus greatly improving their energy storage performance. This study provides a feasible technical approach and experimental foundation for the design and development of high-performance polymer dielectric materials.
关键词
复合薄膜 /
锆钛酸钡 /
储能性能 /
纳米纤维 /
表面改性 /
介电性能
Key words
composite films /
barium zirconium titanate /
energy storage performance /
nanofibers /
surface modification /
dielectric properties
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基金
河南省科技攻关计划项目（252102231014,262102231004）; 河南省大学生创新训练计划项目（202611517001）; 河南省高等学校重点科研项目（26A430004）
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