目的 静电喷雾技术通过电场作用提升农药沉积效率,但其核心组件铜极板长期暴露于潮湿、腐蚀性环境易引发导电性衰退及雾滴分布不均等问题,为解决上述问题。方法 本研究采用电沉积法在铜极板表面制备Ni-TiN纳米镀层,系统探究了不同TiN浓度对极板表面形貌、物相组成、电化学性能、耐蚀性和疏水性的影响。结果 TiN纳米颗粒的添加可细化Ni层胞状组织并减少其结构中的孔隙率,晶粒细化明显,元素分布均匀,镀层与基体结合良好。当TiN浓度为6 g/L时,镀层呈现最优综合性能,镀层厚度为120 μm,且表面最为致密,显微硬度最大为743.62HV,Ni和TiN平均晶粒尺寸分别为67.28 nm和35.84 nm,Ecorr向正偏移至-0.23 V（vs. SCE）,Jcorr向负偏移至6.07×10-9 A/cm2,经24 h连续盐雾试验后,镀层表面仅出现极少量细小腐蚀凹坑,未见疏松或脱落,界面接触电阻最小为6.4 mΩ·cm2,接触角最大达132.82°,具有优异的耐蚀性。结论 合理调控TiN浓度可显著提升Ni-TiN纳米镀层综合性能,本研究为复合电沉积技术在静电喷头铜极板防护上的应用提供了参考。
Abstract
Electrostatic spraying enhances pesticide droplet deposition on crop surfaces by inductively charging droplets, which then move toward target crops under an electrostatic field. Copper plates are key components in electrostatic systems due to their excellent conductivity. However, their insufficient corrosion resistance leads to electrochemical corrosion and surface oxidation when chronically exposed to humid, pesticide-laden, weakly acidic environments. This degradation reduces conductivity and charge transfer efficiency, causing uneven droplet distribution and pesticide drift pollution. To address these issues, Ni-TiN nanocoatings with varying TiN concentrations are fabricated on copper plates via electrodeposition. A T2 copper cathode and a nickel anode (>99.9% purity) are used at a cathode-to-anode area ratio of 1∶2 and an electrode gap of 60 mm. TiN nanoparticles average 43 nm in diameter. The surface morphology, microstructure, phase composition, electrochemical performance, hydrophobicity, and corrosion resistance of the coatings are systematically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Phenom XL G2), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku SmartLab SE), microhardness testing (HV-1000A), contact angle measurement (JY-PHb), electrochemical workstation (CHI660E), and salt spray test chamber. The results show that the incorporation of TiN nanoparticles refines the cellular structure of the Ni layer and reduces its porosity, significantly improving grain refinement, achieving uniform element distribution, and ensuring good adhesion between the coating and the substrate. Only face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni and TiN phases are detected in the coating, with no intermetallic compounds or oxide impurity peaks observed, indicating high phase purity of the surface coating. When the TiN nanoparticle concentration is insufficient, the reduced quantity of TiN particles decreases adsorption efficiency on the cathode surface, leading to diminished TiN incorporation in the coating. This weakens the pinning effect on Ni grain growth and reduces the matrix nucleation density. Conversely, excessive TiN nanoparticle concentration induces clustering on the coating surface, where coarsened grains disrupt the homogeneous nucleation environment. The coating exhibits optimal overall performance at a TiN concentration of 6 g/L. It possesses a thickness of 120 μm, displays the densest surface morphology, and achieves a maximum microhardness of 743.62HV. The mean grain sizes of Ni and TiN are 67.28 nm and 35.84 nm, respectively. The TiN-nanoparticle-modified coating exhibits a larger capacitive loop diameter in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The diameter initially increases but subsequently decreases with rising TiN concentration, indicating a corresponding decrease followed by an increase in corrosion rate. The Nyquist plots exhibit an expanded capacitive loop diameter, signifying low corrosion rate, high impedance, and superior corrosion resistance of the coatings. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) shifts positively to -0.23 V (vs. SCE), while the corrosion current density (Jcorr) decreases to 6.07×10-9 A/cm2. The interfacial contact resistance (ICR) reaches a minimum of 6.4 mΩ·cm2, and the contact angle attains a maximum value of 132.82°. In addition, after 24 h of continuous salt spray testing, only a few tiny corrosion pits appear on the coating surface, with no signs of looseness or delamination, further confirming the excellent corrosion stability of the coating. Rational regulation of TiN concentration in Ni-TiN nanocomposite coatings can significantly enhance the comprehensive coating properties (including densification, hardness, corrosion resistance, conductivity, and hydrophobicity), providing a reference for the application of composite electrodeposition technology in protecting copper electrode plates for electrostatic spraying nozzles.
关键词
铜极板 /
电沉积 /
Ni-TiN镀层 /
耐腐蚀 /
疏水性
Key words
copper electrode plate /
electrodeposition /
Ni-TiN nanocomposite coating /
corrosion resistance /
hydrophobicity
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基金
黑龙江省属高校优秀青年教师基础研究支持计划（YQJH2023019）; 黑龙江八一农垦大学学成、引进人才科研启动计划(XYB202308); 黑龙江省“双一流”学科协同创新成果培育项目（LJGXCG2025-P25）
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