渗氮钛合金的疲劳性能研究进展

李聪; 王欣; 周立波; 陈维; 陈荐; 李微; 陈汪林

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.09.009

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (9) : 98-112. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.09.009

表界面强化技术

渗氮钛合金的疲劳性能研究进展

李聪¹, 王欣¹, 周立波¹, 陈维¹, 陈荐¹, 李微¹, 陈汪林^2,*

作者信息 +

Progress in Fatigue Research of Nitrided Titanium Alloys

LI Cong¹, WANG Xin¹, ZHOU Libo¹, CHEN Wei¹, CHEN Jian¹, LI Wei¹, CHEN Wanglin^2,*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

钛合金因其优异的综合性能被广泛应用于高端制造领域,但其表面硬度低、耐磨性差的问题限制了其服役寿命。渗氮处理作为提升钛合金表面性能的重要手段,对其疲劳性能的影响具有显著的双重性。本文系统综述了气体渗氮、离子渗氮、复合渗氮及其他新型渗氮工艺对典型合金疲劳行为的影响规律。发现气体渗氮通过形成TiN、Ti₂N等硬质相和氮扩散层,能显著提升表面硬度与耐磨性,同时引入的残余压应力可以抑制裂纹萌生,改善疲劳性能。然而,化合物层的脆性、表面粗糙度增加及微观结构演变可能诱发早期裂纹萌生,反而降低疲劳寿命。离子渗氮和低温等离子氮化因温度低、化合物层薄、扩散层深,表现出更优的疲劳性能。复合处理如渗氮+喷丸、热处理等通过协同调控微观结构、残余应力与表面粗糙度,能进一步优化疲劳性能。其他新型渗氮技术通过精确调控能量输入与反应过程,可在特定条件下缓解传统渗氮引发的脆性开裂问题,甚至实现疲劳性能优于原始基材。本文深入探讨了不同渗氮方式下渗氮层特性、裂纹萌生与扩展规律、微观结构演变及残余应力分布对疲劳性能的影响,为钛合金表面处理工艺的优化提供了理论依据。

Abstract

Titanium alloys possess high specific strength, low density and excellent corrosion resistance and are therefore extensively employed in aerospace, chemical, energy and biomedical engineering. Nevertheless, their inherently low surface hardness, poor wear resistance and high friction coefficient restrict application under high load and long-life conditions. Nitriding is a thermochemical treatment in which nitrogen atoms diffuse into the surface below the alloy transformation temperature to form a hard nitride layer, and it serves as an important means to upgrade surface performance. However, its effect on fatigue behaviour is twofold: on the one hand, the nitrided layer introduces residual compressive stress and a hardness gradient to help suppress crack initiation; on the other hand, the brittle nitride film, grain coarsening and interfacial stress concentration created during the process can act as fatigue crack nucleation sites and reduce fatigue life. To date, investigations of the fatigue performance of nitrided titanium alloys have focused on single processes or specific parameters, and a systematic summary and mechanistic analysis have been lacking. The work aims to review the effects of different nitriding routes on the fatigue behaviour of titanium alloys, clarify the intrinsic relationship between nitrided layer architecture and fatigue performance, and reveal the micro-mechanisms of fatigue crack initiation and propagation. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted on the effects of gas nitriding, plasma nitriding, hybrid nitriding and several novel nitriding techniques on the fatigue response of representative titanium alloys. The effects of nitriding on fatigue performance were strongly structure dependent. Conventional gas nitriding and high-temperature plasma nitriding produced a 2-10 µm surface compound layer of brittle TiN and Ti₂N with a hardness of 1 000-2 000HV yet very low fracture toughness. Consequently, the layer readily developed surface micro-cracks under cyclic loading and served as the dominant fatigue crack origin. Beneath it, a 20-100 µm thick nitrogen diffusion zone exhibited graded hardness and high residual compression and effectively retarded crack propagation. Low-temperature plasma nitriding refined the diffusion-zone grains and introduced higher compressive stresses, thereby markedly increasing the fatigue limit. Hybrid treatments such as shot peening followed by nitriding, nitriding plus post-heat treatment, and nitriding plus particle bombardment eliminated the brittle compound layer and further refined the microstructure and introduced additional residual compression, leading to substantial fatigue improvements. Emerging techniques including low-temperature plasma nitriding, pulsed laser nitriding and induction-heated gas nitriding demonstrated the potential to control compound layer thickness, reduce surface roughness and optimize residual stress distributions. The ultimate fatigue performance resulted from the competition between strengthening and embrittlement mechanisms, and the outcome was governed by the synergy between nitrided-layer architecture and loading conditions. The compound layer, although increased surface hardness, was highly brittle and generated interfacial stress concentrations that readily nucleated fatigue cracks and were therefore the main cause of fatigue degradation. The diffusion zone, through its graded hardness, residual compression and grain refinement, effectively suppressed crack propagation and was the key factor in fatigue enhancement. Low-temperature, short-time, energy-controlled nitriding processes inhibit compound layer growth while producing a deep graded diffusion zone and significantly improve fatigue performance. Hybrid treatments, by combining multiple strengthening mechanisms, can achieve large increases in fatigue strength. This review provides a theoretical basis for optimizing surface treatment strategies for titanium alloys by elucidating how nitriding-route-dependent layer characteristics, crack initiation and propagation behavior, microstructural evolution and residual stress distributions govern fatigue performance.

导出引用

李聪, 王欣, 周立波, 陈维, 陈荐, 李微, 陈汪林. 渗氮钛合金的疲劳性能研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(9): 98-112

LI Cong, WANG Xin, ZHOU Libo, CHEN Wei, CHEN Jian, LI Wei, CHEN Wanglin. Progress in Fatigue Research of Nitrided Titanium Alloys[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(9): 98-112

中图分类号： TG154 TG146.2

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