目的 提高大型工业离心风机的综合性能。方法 首先,建立了离心风机性能的CFD仿真模型,结合气动性能试验验证了数值模拟的准确性;然后,基于蜣螂虫背部微纹理表面,提出一种仿生微结构叶片并在此基础上研究了仿生微结构的位置、直径和间距对离心风机性能和流场的影响;最后,通过构建响应面模型并采用多岛遗传算法对仿生微结构叶片进行结构优化。结果 仿生微结构通过重构叶片表面流场分布,增强了叶片出口的局部低压区,显著削弱了蜗舌前端带状涡及流道内点状涡,有效提升了流道整体流速并大幅降低了因涡旋破碎和湍流摩擦引起的能量耗散;仿生微结构位置、直径和间距对离心风机的性能有较大影响,其中微结构位置的影响最大,且最佳布置位置为叶片流道中部;仿生微结构的直径和间距适中时可有效抑制回流、扩大通道内高速主流区并降低速度梯度,从而显著提升离心风机的流通性能,直径或间距过小、过大均会导致效果下降。结论 通过基于响应面模型和多岛遗传算法的系统优化,最终获得了仿生微结构叶片的最佳参数组合为l=147.62 mm、D=4.67 mm、d=10.47 mm,优化后的离心风机在额定工况下静压提升了82.42 Pa,静压效率提升了3.11%。
Abstract
To significantly enhance the comprehensive performance of large industrial centrifugal fans, a high-precision three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation model was firstly established for a centrifugal fan and aerodynamic performance tests (covering key indicators such as flow rate-static pressure and flow rate-efficiency characteristic curves) were rigorously conducted. The test data showed a high degree of agreement with the numerical simulation results, fully validating the accuracy of the established CFD model. Then, bionic principles were innovatively introduced to design and propose a bionic micro-structure scheme for centrifugal fan blade surfaces inspired by the highly efficient drag reduction mechanism of the dung beetle's back. Building on this, a systematic parametric study was conducted: the effect patterns and mechanisms of three key geometric parameters, the arrangement position of the bionic micro-structures on the blade surface, the diameter of the microstructures, and their spacing, on the overall aerodynamic performance (static pressure and efficiency) of the fan, as well as the complex internal flow field, were thoroughly investigated. The microstructures could effectively restructure the flow field distribution on the blade surface. The core mechanism lied in significantly enhancing the intensity of the local low-pressure zone near the blade outlet, which improved airflow diffusion efficiency. Simultaneously, they noticeably weakened the large-scale ribbon-like vortex structures near the volute tongue and the discrete vortex structures that induced turbulent dissipation within the flow passage. The synergistic optimization of these flow field structures effectively increased the flow velocity in the main stream region and enhanced the overall flow capacity, while significantly reducing energy dissipation losses. The position, diameter and spacing of the bionic microstructures had a substantial impact on the performance of the centrifugal fan, with the position having the greatest effect. The optimal arrangement was found to be at the mid-section of the blade flow passage. When the diameter and spacing of the bionic microstructures were moderate, they effectively suppressed back-flow, expand the high-velocity main flow zone within the passage, and reduced the velocity gradient, thereby significantly enhancing the flow performance of the centrifugal fan. Excessively small or large diameters or spacing led to a decline in effectiveness. Through systematic optimization based on a Response Surface Model (RSM) and a Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm (MIGA), the best parameter combination for the bionic microstructured blades was determined as: l= 147.62 mm, D= 4.67 mm and d=10.47 mm. The optimized bionic fan achieved an increase of 82.42 Pa in static pressure and a 3.11% improvement in static pressure efficiency at the rated operating condition. This study not only successfully verifies the feasibility of applying bionic microstructures to centrifugal fan blades to enhance performance but, more importantly, deeply reveals the intrinsic mechanism by which they improve the comprehensive performance of fans by restructuring the surface flow field, suppressing vortex development, and reducing energy dissipation. The established systematic research methodology of "simulation validation-bionic design-parametric study-model optimization" provides an innovative design approach and reliable theoretical foundation for the engineering application of bionic microstructures on the blade surfaces of various fluid machinery, such as fans, pumps and compressors.
关键词
工业离心风机 /
性能试验 /
仿生微结构 /
多岛遗传算法 /
结构优化
Key words
industrial centrifugal fan /
performance test /
bionic microstructure /
multi-island genetic algorithm /
structural optimization
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基金
国家重点研发计划项目（2023YFB3406500）
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