Nb/Ti对Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti堆焊合金的组织演变及耐磨性能的影响

宗琳; 马亚琳; 李立伟; 胡祚华; 王明; 贾华; 龙日升

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.05.014

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (5) : 170-178. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.05.014

摩擦磨损与润滑

Nb/Ti对Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti堆焊合金的组织演变及耐磨性能的影响

宗琳^1a, 马亚琳^1a, 李立伟^1a, 胡祚华^1a, 王明², 贾华³, 龙日升^1b,*

作者信息 +

Influence of Nb/Ti on Microstructure Evolution and Wear Properties of Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti Cladding Alloys

ZONG Lin^1a, MA Yalin^1a, LI Liwei^1a, HU Zuohua^1a, WANG Ming², JIA Hua³, LONG Risheng^1b,*

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文章历史 +

摘要

目的探究不同Nb/Ti对Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti系堆焊合金组织与耐磨性能的影响。方法采用等离子堆焊技术在20钢板上制备5组Nb/Ti原子比分别为0.5∶1、1∶1、1.5∶1、2∶1及2.4∶1的Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti系堆焊合金,借助热力学分析、XRD及SEM等手段分析堆焊层的物相和组织结构;利用硬度及磨粒磨损试验手段测试堆焊层的显微硬度和耐磨性能。结果随着Nb/Ti增大,堆焊层组织逐渐从亚共晶结构（α-(Fe-Cr)+网状共晶M₇C₃+(Nb,Ti)C）转变为近共晶结构（M+A'+(Nb,Ti)C+M₇C₃+NbC_(script)）,最后转变为过共晶结构（马氏体、奥氏体基体、大量初生(Nb,Ti)C和少量二次NbC、M₂₃C₆）。堆焊层组织中初生(Nb,Ti)C数量逐渐增多,其形态在Nb/Ti=0.5∶1~2∶1范围内呈颗粒状,当Nb/Ti增大到2.4:1时转变为枝晶状和团簇状;共晶M₇C₃数量逐渐减少,当Nb/Ti=2.4∶1时,M₇C₃相消失,同时堆焊层中形成少量的M₂₃C₆。堆焊层的硬度和耐磨性先增加后又降低,这与基体、初生(Nb,Ti)C及共晶M₇C₃的体积分数和形态变化密切相关。结论 Nb/Ti为2∶1的堆焊合金表现出最高的硬度(728.4HV0.5)和最低的磨损质量(仅为0.209 1 g),磨损表面更光滑,未出现明显的沟槽,磨粒侵入量最小。其原因是低碳马氏体基体和大量尺寸适中的颗粒状初生(Nb,Ti)C硬质颗粒的强化,以及合金组织中总碳化物和共晶碳化物数量之间具有良好的平衡,合金的耐磨性能比Nb/Ti=2.4∶1时提高了约3.1倍。

Abstract

In the fields of mining, metallurgy, and ore transportation, components such as cutting teeth and scraper conveyors are subject to severe abrasive wear, imposing extremely high demands on surface wear resistance. To enhance the reliability of equipment, plasma cladding technology with high bonding strength, high alloying capability, and production efficiency has become the preferred process for repairing wear-resistant components. Fe-Cr-C series cladding alloys are widely used due to their excellent wear resistance and cost-effectiveness. However, hypereutectic alloys suffer from insufficient crack resistance and low toughness, while hypoeutectic alloys, although more ductile, have inferior wear resistance due to the morphology of carbides. To improve the wear resistance of hypoeutectic alloys, alloy elements such as Nb and Ti are often added to strengthen the matrix and carbides and optimize the microstructure. NbC and TiC, as hard alloy reinforcing phases, have high hardness and good thermal stability, but also have drawbacks such as low fracture toughness of TiC and poor bonding at the NbC/Fe interface. Nevertheless, these issues can be mitigated by forming composite carbides, which exhibit superior comprehensive properties compared with individual carbides. This study aims to introduce Nb and Ti elements into hypoeutectic Fe-7Cr-C series alloys using plasma cladding technology. By changing the Nb/Ti atomic ratio, it explores the influence mechanism of these elements on the microstructure and properties of (Nb,Ti)C reinforced Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti series cladding layers. The primary goal is to address the issues of low hardness and poor wear resistance in hypoeutectic Fe-7Cr-C series cladding alloys to meet the higher performance requirements for wear resistance in mechanical components. In the experiment, 20 steel plates are used as the substrate. Five groups of cladding alloy powders with different Nb-to-Ti atomic ratios are prepared and cladded via plasma cladding technology. Various techniques, including thermodynamic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness testing, and abrasive wear testing, are employed to comprehensively evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cladding alloys under different Nb/Ti ratios. The results show that as the Nb/Ti ratio increases, the microstructure of the cladding layer gradually transforms from a hypoeutectic structure (α-(Fe-Cr) + network eutectic M₇C₃ + (Nb,Ti)C) to a near-eutectic structure (M + A' + (Nb,Ti)C + M₇C₃ + NbC_(script)), and finally to a hypereutectic structure (martensite, austenite matrix, a large amount of primary (Nb,Ti)C, and a small amount of secondary NbC and M₂₃C₆). During this process, the quantity of (Nb,Ti)C in the cladding layer continuously increases, with its morphology being granular in the range of Nb/Ti = 0.5∶1 to 2∶1, and transforming into dendritic and clustered shapes at Nb/Ti = 2.4∶1. Simultaneously, the amount of M₇C₃ gradually decreases until it disappears, with a small amount of M₂₃C₆ precipitating in the cladding layer. The microhardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer first increases and then decreases with the Nb/Ti ratio. When Nb/Ti = 2∶1, the alloy exhibits the best performance, with a microhardness of 728.4HV0.5 and the lowest wear loss (0.209 1 g). This phenomenon is attributed to the synergistic strengthening effect of the low-carbon martensite matrix and a large number of appropriately sized granular primary (Nb,Ti)C hard particles, as well as a good balance between the total amount of carbides and eutectic carbides in the alloy microstructure, which improves the wear resistance of the alloy by approximately 3.1 times compared with when Nb/Ti = 2.4∶1.

导出引用

宗琳, 马亚琳, 李立伟, 胡祚华, 王明, 贾华, 龙日升. Nb/Ti对Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti堆焊合金的组织演变及耐磨性能的影响[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(5): 170-178

ZONG Lin, MA Yalin, LI Liwei, HU Zuohua, WANG Ming, JIA Hua, LONG Risheng. Influence of Nb/Ti on Microstructure Evolution and Wear Properties of Fe-7Cr-C-Nb-Ti Cladding Alloys[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(5): 170-178

中图分类号： TH117

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