目的 针对TiAl合金硬度低、高温下易磨损等问题,本研究旨在TiAl合金表面制备Cr-Al-Y渗层,改善其高温摩擦磨损性能。方法 以TiAlNb9合金为基体,采用扩散渗法在其表面制备Cr-Al-Y渗层,渗剂组成为4Al-10Cr-2Y2O3-6NH4Cl-78Al2O3（质量分数）。通过控制制备温度（1 000、1 050、1 100 ℃）和保温时间（0、2、4 h）,结合扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析渗层的微观结构、元素分布及相组成;并在600 ℃、载荷 5 N、摩擦半径2.5 mm、转速224 r/min条件下,与Si3N4球对磨1 h,观察磨痕形貌分析磨损机理。结果 不同工艺条件下制备的Cr-Al-Y渗层均有多层结构,由内向外分别为富Nb的γ-TiAl互扩散层,Ti2Al内层,Ti4Cr、(Ti, Nb)Cr4、TiCr2及TiCr组成的外层。摩擦磨损试验表明,600 ℃下与Si3N4球对磨时基体的摩擦系数在0.50至0.86间大幅度无规则震荡,渗层的摩擦系数稳定在0.43左右;基体的磨痕宽度约587.81 μm,磨损机理主要为犁沟磨损、磨粒磨损及氧化磨损,渗层的磨痕宽度约461.91 μm,主要为削层磨损、磨粒磨损及黏着磨损。结论 采用扩散渗法制备的Cr-Al-Y渗层可有效改善TiAl合金的高温摩擦磨损性能,其中制备温度为1 050 ℃、保温2 h时渗层结构致密且无缺陷;与基体相比,渗层摩擦系数降低了约33%,磨损率降低了约95%,表现出优异的高温耐磨性。
Abstract
To address the issues of TiAl alloys such as low hardness and susceptibility to wear at high temperatures, the work aims to prepare a Cr-Al-Y diffusion layer on the surface of TiAl alloys to improve their high-temperature friction and wear properties. With TiAlNb9 alloy as the substrate, the Cr-Al-Y diffusion layer was fabricated on its surface by means of diffusion infiltration, with the infiltrant composition being 4Al-10Cr-2Y2O3-6NH4Cl-78Al2O3 (wt.%). By controlling the preparation temperatures (1 000, 1 050 and 1 100 ℃) and holding time (0, 2 and 4 hours), the microstructure, element distribution and phase composition of the diffusion layer were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, friction and wear tests were conducted by sliding against a Si3N4 ball for 1 hour under the conditions of 600 ℃, a load of 5 N, a friction radius of 2.5 mm and a rotation speed of 224 r/min and the wear mechanism was analyzed by observing the morphology of the wear scars. The Cr-Al-Y diffusion layers prepared under different process conditions all had a multi-layer structure. From the inside to the outside, they were respectively the Nb-rich γ-TiAl interdiffusion layer, the Ti2Al inner layer and the outer layer composed of Ti4Cr, (Ti, Nb)Cr4, TiCr2 and TiCr. When the preparation temperature was too low (1 000 ℃), the activation of Cr elements was insufficient, resulting in a lower content of Cr and Y elements in the outer layer of the diffusion layer and there was local peeling on the surface. When the temperature was too high (1 100 ℃), due to the Kirkendall effect caused by the rapid diffusion rate, pores appeared in the diffusion layer, reducing its compactness. For the holding time, when the holding time was 0, the diffusion layer was not fully formed, with a thin thickness and some cracks. When the holding time was extended to 4 hours, due to the insufficient active elements in the infiltrant and the aggregation of a large number of vacancies, holes were generated in the diffusion layer. The results of friction and wear tests indicated that at 600 ℃, the friction coefficient of the TiAl alloy substrate oscillated significantly and irregularly between 0.50 and 0.86 during the friction process. In contrast, the friction coefficient of the Cr-Al-Y diffusion layer stabilized at around 0.43. Compared with the substrate, the friction coefficient of the diffusion layer was reduced by about 33% and the wear rate was reduced by about 95%, showing good friction stability. In terms of wear morphology, the wear scar width of the substrate was about 587.81 μm and the wear mechanism was mainly ploughing wear, abrasive wear and oxidative wear. The wear scar width of the diffusion layer was about 461.91 μm, which was significantly narrower than that of the substrate and its wear mechanism was mainly delamination wear, abrasive wear and adhesive wear, with a much lighter wear degree. In conclusion, the Cr-Al-Y diffusion layer prepared by the diffusion infiltration method can effectively improve the high-temperature friction and wear properties of TiAl alloys. The optimal process parameters are the preparation temperature of 1 050 ℃ and the holding time of 2 hours, under which the diffusion layer has a dense structure and no defects. The diffusion layer can form a stable friction interface and a protective oxide film during the high-temperature friction process, thereby reducing the friction coefficient and alleviating the wear degree, showing excellent high-temperature wear resistance. This study provides an effective surface modification method for expanding the application of TiAl alloys in high-temperature environments.
关键词
扩散渗 /
Cr-Al-Y渗层 /
制备温度 /
保温时间 /
高温摩擦磨损
Key words
diffusion penetration /
Cr-Al-Y diffusion layer /
preparation temperature /
holding time /
high-temperature friction and wear
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] DUAN B H, YANG Y C, HE S Y, et al.History and Development of γ-TiAl Alloys and the Effect of Alloying Elements on Their Phase Transformations[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 909: 164811.
[2] GENC O, UNAL R.Development of Gamma Titanium Aluminide (γ-TiAl) Alloys: A Review[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 929: 167262.
[3] LI R, SONG X L, DUAN Z X, et al.Improving the High-Temperature Ductility of γ-TiAl Matrix Composites by Incorporation of AlCoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy Particles[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1012: 178515.
[4] PFLUMM R, FRIEDLE S, SCHÜTZE M. Oxidation Protection of γ-TiAl-Based Alloys-a Review[J]. Intermetallics, 2015, 56: 1-14.
[5] MENGIS L, GRIMME C, GALETZ M C.High-Temperature Sliding Wear Behavior of an Intermetallic γ-Based TiAl Alloy[J]. Wear, 2019, 426: 341-347.
[6] 南榕, 蔡建华, 杨健, 等. 钛及钛合金腐蚀行为研究进展[J]. 钛工业进展, 2023, 40(5): 40-48.
NAN R, CAI J H, YANG J, et al.A Review of Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Titanium Alloys[J]. Titanium Industry Progress, 2023, 40(5): 40-48.
[7] SENTHILKUMAR N, PERUMAL G, PALANIKUMAR K, et al.Wear and Mechanical Characteristics of Coated Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with an Alumina-13wt.% Titania -40wt.% Yitrium Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic Composite via Plasma Spraying Technique[J]. Results in Engineering, 2025, 25: 103777.
[8] 舒林森, 张粲东, 于鹤龙, 等. 激光熔覆原位Ti-C-B-Al复合涂层的结构特征与力学性能[J]. 材料导报, 2024, 38(2): 177-181.
SHU L S, ZHANG C D, YU H L, et al.Structural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Laser-Fused In-Situ Ti-C-B-Al Composite Coatings[J]. Materials Reports, 2024, 38(2): 177-181.
[9] WU L Y, QIU L C, ZENG F F, et al.Influence of Deposition Pressure on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CVD TiAlSiN Coatings[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2023, 466: 129605.
[10] XU Y, MIAO Q, LIANG W P, et al.Tribological Behavior of Al2O3/Al Composite Coating on γ-TiAl at Elevated Temperature[J]. Materials Characterization, 2015, 101: 122-129.
[11] CHEN X H, ZHANG P Z, WEI D B, et al.Preparation and Characterization of Cr/CrC Multilayer on γ-TiAl Alloy by the Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technology[J]. Materials Letters, 2018, 215: 292-295.
[12] WEI D B, LI F K, WEI X F, et al.Microstructure, Nano-Mechanical Characterization, and Fretting Wear Behavior of Plasma Surface Cr-Nb Alloying on γ-TiAl[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 2021, 235(5): 1012-1024.
[13] 刘国强, 冯长杰, 辛丽, 等. 钛合金表面Ti-Al-Si扩散涂层的制备和显微结构[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2025, 45(1): 69-80.
LIU G Q, FENG C J, XIN L, et al.Preparation and Microstructure of Diffused Ti-Al-Si Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy[J]. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection, 2025, 45(1): 69-80.
[14] 彭小敏, 夏长清, 王志辉, 等. TiAl基合金高温氧化及防护的研究进展[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2010, 20(6): 1116-1130.
PENG X M, XIA C Q, WANG Z H, et al.Development of High Temperature Oxidation and Protection of TiAl-Based Alloy[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2010, 20(6): 1116-1130.
[15] 窦麒峰. Cr含量和包埋渗合金化工艺对高温Ni(Cr)丝微观组织演变的影响[D]. 沈阳: 东北大学, 2022.
DOU Q F.Effects of Cr Content and Buried Infiltration Alloying Process on Microstructure Evolution of High Temperature Ni(Cr) Wire[D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2022.
[16] 薛鹏, 李小兵, 陈波, 等. TiAl基金属间化合物表面涂层研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程, 2022, 14(11): 119-132.
XUE P, LI X B, CHEN B, et al.Development Status and Prospect of Coatings for TiAl-Based Intermetallics[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2022, 14(11): 119-132.
[17] SALAM S, HOU P Y, ZHANG Y D, et al.Compositional Effects on the High-Temperature Oxidation Lifetime of MCrAlY Type Coating Alloys[J]. Corrosion Science, 2015, 95: 143-151.
[18] ZHAO X S, ZHOU C G.Effect of Y2O3 Content in the Pack on Microstructure and Hot Corrosion Resistance of Y-Co-Modified Aluminide Coating[J]. Corrosion Science, 2014, 86: 223-230.
[19] KATTNER U R, LIN J C, CHANG Y A.Thermodynamic Assessment and Calculation of the Ti-Al System[J]. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1992, 23(8): 2081-2090.
[20] 潘金生, 仝健民, 田民波. 材料科学基础[M]. 修订版. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2011.
PAN J S, TONG J M, TIAN M B.Material Science Foundation[M]. Revised ed. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2011.
[21] 郝清锐, 李涌泉, 李轩, 等. TiAlNb9合金表面Cr-Al-Y共渗层组织结构及耐磨性研究[J]. 摩擦学学报(中英文), 2025, 45(6): 851-861.
HAO Q R, LI Y Q, LI X, et al.Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Cr-Al-Y Co-Deposition Coatings on TiAlNb9 Alloy[J]. Tribology, 2025, 45(6): 851-861.
[22] XIANG J Y, XIE F Q, WU X Q, et al.Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Si-Y/Al Two-Step Deposition Coating Prepared on Ti2AlNb Based Alloy by Halide Activated Pack Cementation Technique[J]. Tribology International, 2019, 136: 45-57.
[23] LI Y Q, XIE F Q, WU X Q.Microstructure and High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Si-Y Co-Deposition Coatings Prepared on TiAl Alloy by Pack Cementation Process[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2015, 25(3): 803-810.
[24] 李涌泉. TiAl合金表面Si-Al-Y共渗层的组织与性能研究[D]. 西安: 西北工业大学, 2014.
LI Y Q.Study on Microstructure and Properties of Si-Al-Y Co-Infiltrated Layer on TiAl Alloy Surface[D]. Xi'an: Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2014.
[25] CHENG J, LI F, QIAO Z H, et al.The Role of Oxidation and Counterface in the High Temperature Tribological Properties of TiAl Intermetallics[J]. Materials & Design, 2015, 84: 245-253.
[26] 刘雨薇, 吴霞, 陈纪云, 等. 钛合金摩擦磨损性能及减摩方法研究进展[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(12): 1-21.
LIU Y W, WU X, CHEN J Y, et al.Research Progress on Friction and Wear Properties of Titanium Alloys and Wear Reduction Methods[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(12): 1-21.
[27] TIAN Y X, XIAO H Q, YOU C C, et al.High- Temperature Oxidation and Wear Properties of Laser Cladded Ti-Al-N Composite Coatings[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2023, 33(6): 1779-1791.
[28] 寇斐凡, 岳赟, 杜志浩, 等. TiB2含量对TiBx/Ti合金涂层组织及摩擦学性能的影响[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(11): 140-149.
KOU F F, YUE Y, DU Z H, et al.Effect of TiB2 Content on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of TiBx/Ti Alloy Coatings[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(11): 140-149.
基金
宁夏自然科学基金（2025AAC030003）; 国家自然科学基金（52161009）; 北方民族大学高层次人才项目（2025BG145）
PDF(7371 KB)
渝公网安备 50010702501715号 渝ICP备15012534号-3
