发动机气门机构材料技术及减摩抗磨研究进展

陈可越; 陈文刚; 石柏兴; 钟银坤; 李贵芬; Dongyang Li

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.05.001

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (5) : 1-21. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.05.001

摩擦磨损与润滑

发动机气门机构材料技术及减摩抗磨研究进展

陈可越^1,2, 陈文刚^1,2,*, 石柏兴^1,2, 钟银坤^1,2, 李贵芬^1,2, Dongyang Li^2,3

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Technologies and Anti-friction and Anti-wear Properties of Engine Valve Mechanism Materials

CHEN Keyue^1,2, CHEN Wengang^1,2,*, SHI Boxing^1,2, ZHONG Yinkun^1,2, LI Guifen^1,2, Dongyang Li^2,3

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

气门机构是发动机的重要组成部分,承担发动机燃烧室中输入空气和排出废气的功能。随着发动机技术的不断发展,对于气门机构性能的要求也逐渐增加,在高温高压高腐蚀的工作环境中,气门机构的磨损主要源于气门与气门座圈在工作过程中产生的冲击、气门弹簧在长时间高频率工作中发生的损坏,以及气门杆与凸轮配合工作中产生的磨损,因此,发动机气门机构相关的减摩抗磨性能研究是提升发动机整体工作性能的重要方式。基于此,本研究系统性归纳总结了新材料、新工艺、新型润滑油添加剂和表面改性技术来提升气门机构的摩擦学性能的相关研究工作,其中,表面改性技术包含了喷丸技术、激光表面微织构技术、渗氮技术等多个方面,从减少工作过程中的磨损量,提升材料表面抗氧化性能,降低材料表面的摩擦系数等多个方面提升材料表面耐磨性能,并结合发动机气门制造商对于新材料和改性技术在产品级气门层面的应用,较为全面地总结不同材料和表面改性技术对于气门机构表面性能提升的效果,最后对发动机气门机构减摩抗磨性能研究进行展望并提出建议。

Abstract

The valve mechanism is an important component of the engine, responsible for admitting air into the engine combustion chamber and expelling exhaust gases. With the continuous development of engine technology, the requirements for the performance of valve mechanisms are gradually increasing. The harsh working environment in the engine combustion chamber is an important reason for the decline in the service life of valve mechanisms. The wear of the valve mechanism is mainly reflected in the impact generated by the valve and the valve seat ring during operation, the damage of the valve spring during long-term and high-frequency operation and the wear caused by the fitting between the valve stem and the CAM. Therefore, the research on the anti-friction and anti-wear performance related to the engine valve mechanism is an important way to improve the overall working performance of the engine. The work aims to introduce the improvement of the tribological performance of the valve mechanism through new materials, new processes, new lubricating oil additives and surface modification technologies. The new materials refer to lightweight valves prepared mainly from TC4 aluminized titanium alloys. The treatment of titanium alloy samples by high-temperature oxidation, ion implantation, selective laser melting and other methods is also listed to improve the surface performance of the materials. Hollow sodium-filled valves represent a new type of valve manufacturing process. Hollow valves are prepared through methods such as die forging shrinkage cavities and extrusion and valve hammer forging and liquid sodium is added to achieve a cooling effect, thereby enhancing the surface performance of the valves. In the research of lubricating oil additives, commonly used engine oils include PAO, PAG, etc., which plays a key role in improving the valve mechanism and the overall performance of the engine. During further research, nano-additives and bio-lubricants have been proven to be applicable as new lubricating oil additives to engines. In the research on traditional valve materials such as austenitic steel and martensitic steel, surface modification technology is an important way to improve the surface properties of materials. Commonly used surface modification technologies can be roughly divided into three categories. Physical surface modification technologies mainly include shot peening technology and laser surface micro-texture, while chemical surface modification technologies mainly include chemical heat treatment, electrochemical treatment, etc. Chemical-physical composite surface modification technologies can be classified into laser cladding and supersonic flame spraying. According to the application of different surface modification technologies, scholars in China and abroad have adopted methods such as friction and wear experiments, SEM scanning electron microscopy images and XRD patterns to reduce the wear during the working process and enhance the oxidation resistance of the material surface. There are various methods to enhance the wear resistance of material surfaces, such as reducing the friction coefficient of the material surface. The effects of different surface modification technologies on improving the surface properties of valve mechanisms and related materials are verified. Combined with the application of new materials and modification technologies by engine valve manufacturers at the valve level, the effects of different materials and surface modification technologies on improving the surface performance of valve mechanisms are summarized. Finally, the research on the anti-friction and anti-wear performance of engine valve mechanisms is prospected and suggestions are put forward.

导出引用

陈可越, 陈文刚, 石柏兴, 钟银坤, 李贵芬, Dongyang Li. 发动机气门机构材料技术及减摩抗磨研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(5): 1-21

CHEN Keyue, CHEN Wengang, SHI Boxing, ZHONG Yinkun, LI Guifen, Dongyang Li. Research Progress on Technologies and Anti-friction and Anti-wear Properties of Engine Valve Mechanism Materials[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(5): 1-21

中图分类号： TH117.1

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