目的 满足工程机械关键零部件在高载荷、强摩擦和冲击等严苛工况下的服役需求。方法 采用激光定向能量沉积技术,结合变工艺间断搭接加工策略,制备了不同质量分数WC颗粒（0%~50%）的WC/Co基复合涂层,系统性地分析了WC颗粒含量变化对WC/Co基复合涂层成形质量、显微组织、物相组成、宏微观硬度、抗冲击性、耐磨性及强韧化行为的影响规律。结果 研究结果表明,随着WC颗粒含量的增加,熔池流动性下降,气体逸出受阻,导致涂层表面间距增大、孔隙率上升。添加WC颗粒显著提升了涂层的硬度和耐磨性,其增强机制主要包括硬质颗粒强化、晶粒细化强化、弥散强化以及颗粒遮挡保护效应。随着WC含量从0%增加至50%,涂层在冲击载荷下的抗变形能力持续增强,但WC含量过高会导致涂层内部产生裂纹缺陷,从而削弱局部承载能力。当WC颗粒含量为40%时,WC/Co涂层展现出最佳的强韧性平衡,兼具较高强度与良好韧性,有效提升了涂层的整体耐久性。结论 揭示了WC颗粒含量与WC/Co基复合涂层性能的内在关联,为高性能陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合涂层的优化设计提供了普适性理论依据和性能调控技术指导。
Abstract
With the growing demands for advanced materials in harsh operating conditions, such as high mechanical loads, severe wear, and repeated impacts, this research focuses on enhancing the surface performance of critical components by incorporating WC particles into Co-based alloy coatings with the primary goal to optimize the WC particle content to achieve a favorable balance between hardness, wear resistance, and toughness, and thus provide a theoretical and technical foundation for the development of high-performance composite coatings.
In this study, WC/Co-based composite coatings were fabricated via laser directed energy deposition (LDED) according to the variable-process discontinuous overlapping multi-track strategy, with WC particle contents ranging from 0% to 50%. The effects of WC particle content on the coatings' forming quality, microstructure, phase composition, mechanical properties, and strength-toughness behavior were comprehensively evaluated. Advanced characterization techniques, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed. Additionally, hardness tests (Rockwell, Vickers, and nano-indentation), impact testing, and friction-wear experiments were conducted to assess the coatings' macroscopic and microscale mechanical properties, as well as their resistance to deformation and wear.
The results revealed that the addition of WC particles significantly enhanced the coatings’ hardness and wear resistance, primarily through mechanisms such as hard particle strengthening, grain refinement, dispersion strengthening, and the pinning effect. However, excessive WC particles led to increased porosity, surface roughness, and internal defects, which negatively impacted the coatings' toughness and load-bearing capacity. Key findings are as follows: as WC particle content increased, the coatings exhibited finer grains and a higher density of hard phases (e.g., Co6W6C and W2C). Nevertheless, excessive WC particles caused agglomeration and uneven distribution, resulting in defects such as cracks and pores. The coatings' hardness and wear resistance increased with the WC particle content, reaching optimal values at a 40% WC content; beyond this threshold, toughness decreased due to the formation of internal cracks and reduced ductility. Coatings with 40% WC displayed the lowest wear rate (62.3 μm³/(N·m)) and friction coefficient (0.28), which was attributed to the synergistic effects of WC particles in disrupting wear mechanisms and enhancing the coatings' resistance to plastic deformation. While the coatings' resistance to deformation improved with increasing WC content, excessive WC particles raised the risk of cracking under impact loads. These findings demonstrated that the optimal WC particle content for achieving a favorable balance between hardness, wear resistance, and toughness was 40%. Beyond this point, the coatings' performance deteriorated due to increased defects and reduced ductility. The results provided valuable insights into the optimization of WC/Co composite coatings for applications requiring high durability and resistance to wear and impact.
These findings demonstrate that the optimal WC particle content for achieving a favorable balance between hardness, wear resistance, and toughness is 40%. Beyond this point, the coatings' performance deteriorates due to increased defects and reduced ductility. The results provide valuable insights into the optimization of WC/Co composite coatings for applications requiring high durability and resistance to wear and impact, and offer a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of advanced composite coatings with enhanced mechanical properties.
关键词
激光定向能量沉积 /
WC颗粒 /
复合涂层 /
微观结构 /
力学性能 /
强韧化行为
Key words
laser directed energy deposition /
WC particle /
composite coating /
microstructure /
mechanical property /
strength-toughness behavior
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] TANG L, LIU Y H, LIU J W, et al.The Influence of Particle Size and Velocity on the Wear Failure of TiC Coated Fe under Oil Extraction Conditions: A Molecular Dynamics Study[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2024, 164: 108741.
[2] 赵海, 徐海峰, 周霆伟, 等. 轮轨硬度匹配对重载贝氏体车轮钢磨损性能的影响[J]. 表面技术, 2025, 54(3): 118-129.
ZHAO H, XU H F, ZHOU T W, et al.Effect of Wheel-Rail Hardness Matching on Wear Performance of Heavy-Haul Bainitic Wheel Steel[J]. Surface Technology, 2025, 54(3): 118-129.
[3] ESHAGHIAN O, HOSEINIE S H, SALIMI JAZI H.Effects of Ni-Based Composite Coatings on Failure Mechanism and Wear Resistance of Cutting Picks on Coal Shearer Machine[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2023, 151: 107342.
[4] 王伟志, 马国政, 韩珩, 等. 激光熔覆陶瓷涂层研究现状与展望[J]. 机械工程学报, 2023, 59(7): 92-109.
WANG W Z, MA G Z, HAN H, et al.Research Status and Prospect of Laser Cladding Ceramic Coatings[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 59(7): 92-109.
[5] 许方园, 朱刚贤, 何名杭, 等. 丝粉混合定向能量沉积的研究现状[J]. 表面技术, 2025, 54(10): 13-31.
XU F Y, ZHU G X, HE M H, et al.Research Status of Wire-Powder Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition[J]. Surface Technology, 2025, 54(10): 13-31.
[6] WU D J, MA S Y, WANG H Y, et al.Molten Pool Behavior and Compressive Property Improvement Mechanism of AlCoCrFeNi Prepared by LDED with Different Energy Input Modes[J]. Materials Characterization, 2025, 223: 114857.
[7] SU G X, SHI Y, ZHU M, et al.Application of Hot Wire Laser Directed Energy Deposition for Efficient Fabrication of Large Nickel-Based Alloy Components: Process, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2025, 338: 118789.
[8] LI X, WANG X L, WANG Y, et al.Microscopic Characteristics and Properties of Co-Based Coating by Pulse Current-Assisted Laser Cladding on High Carbon Steel[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2024, 494: 131367.
[9] HU H B, TANG G B, CHENG Z T, et al.Co-Cr3C2 Coating Incorporating Grain Refinement and Dislocation Density Gradient to Enhance Wear Resistance of 24CrNiMo Steel[J]. Wear, 2025, 564: 205752.
[10] 冯玉坤, 董会, 张永杰, 等. 激光功率对316L/Al2O3熔覆层耐磨耐蚀性能的影响[J]. 表面技术, 2025, 54(7): 151-161.
FENG Y K, DONG H, ZHANG Y J, et al.Effect of Laser Power on the Wear and Corrosion Resistance of 316L/Al2O3 Cladding Layers[J]. Surface Technology, 2025, 54(7): 151-161.
[11] 程靖越, 姚海华, 赵万新, 等. Al0.6CoCrFeNiTi/TiC高熵合金熔覆层组织与摩擦磨损行为[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(10): 141-151.
CHENG J Y, YAO H H, ZHAO W X, et al.Microstructure and Frictional Wear Behavior of Al0.6CoCrFeNiTi/TiC Cladding Layers[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(10): 141-151.
[12] CHEN C, HUANG B Y, LIU Z M, et al.Additive Manufacturing of WC-Co Cemented Carbides: Process, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2023, 63: 103410.
[13] LV N, YUE H T, GUO C G, et al.A Comparative Investigation on the Effects of Reinforcement Phase Addition Methods on Laser Melting Deposited WC/Co Coatings[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2024, 129: 134-146.
[14] YOU A P, WANG N, CHEN Y N, et al.Effect of Linear Energy Density on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of WC-Co-Cr Composite Coating by Laser Cladding[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2023, 454: 129185.
[15] CHEN G D, LIU X B, ZHANG F Z, et al.Refractory Ceramic WC Reinforced Co Matrix Composite Coatings on IN718 Superalloy: Microstructure, Wear Mechanisms and Surface Energy[J]. Tribology International, 2024, 194: 109516.
[16] 田宪华, 陈彬彬, 杨晓东, 等. WC含量对WC/Ni60激光熔覆层组织与性能的影响[J]. 中国激光, 2025, 52(4): 0402205.
TIAN X H, CHEN B B, YANG X D, et al.Effect of WC Content on Microstructure and Properties of WC/Ni60 Laser Cladding Layer[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(4): 0402205.
[17] XU L, ZHU L D, YU M, et al.Microstructure and Wear Performance of Inconel 718 Composite Coatings Reinforced with Multi-Size and Content WC-Co Fabricated by Laser Cladding[J]. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 2025, 34(1): 337-353.
[18] 董刚, 王敏捷, 古青, 等. WC粒度配比对316L激光熔覆层耐磨/抗冲击性能的影响[J]. 表面技术, 2025, 54(1): 205-217.
DONG G, WANG M J, GU Q, et al.Effect of WC Particle Size Ratio on Wear and Impact Resistance of 316L Laser Cladding Layer[J]. Surface Technology, 2025, 54(1): 205-217.
[19] YAN X, ZHENG Y S, QIU Y B, et al.Role of Reinforcement on the Microstructure of WC Reinforced Fe-Based Composite Coating Prepared by Direct Energy Deposition[J]. Materials Characterization, 2024, 209: 113731.
[20] LV N, YUE H T, GUO C G, et al.Forming Characteristics Analysis of Variable-Process Alternated Overlapping Strategy Based on Contour Description for Laser Melting Deposition[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 27: 5424-5435.
[21] YUE H T, LV N, GUO C G, et al.Multi-Objective Process Optimization of Laser Cladding Co-Based Alloy by Process Window and Grey Relational Analysis[J]. Coatings, 2023, 13(6): 1090.
[22] 龙海洋, 董真, 卢冰文, 等. WC含量对激光熔覆FeCoNiCr高熵合金涂层组织结构及性能的影响规律研究[J]. 中国激光, 2023, 50(24): 2402206.
LONG H Y, DONG Z, LU B W, et al.Influence of WC Content on Microstructure and Properties of Laser-Cladded FeCoNiCr High-Entropy Alloy Coatings[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2023, 50(24): 2402206.
[23] WANG J, GUO Z G, FU F Y.Locomotion Behavior of Air Bubbles on Solid Surfaces[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2024, 332: 103266.
[24] YUE H T, LV N, GUO C G, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC/FeCrSiB Coating by Laser Additive Remanufacturing on Shearer Spiral Blade[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2022, 431: 128043.
[25] 王海斗, 朱丽娜, 徐滨士. 纳米压痕技术检测残余应力[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2016: 26-28.
WANG H D, ZHU L N, XU B S.Detection of Residual Stress by Nano-Indentation Technology[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2016: 26-28.
[26] 吕源, 易聪, 周留成, 等. 基于纳米压痕的IP防腐涂层本构模型反演分析[J]. 表面技术, 2025, 54(11): 203-210.
LYU Y, YI C, ZHOU L C, et al.Inverse Analysis of Constitutive Equation of IP Anti-Corrosion Coatings Based on Nanoindentation[J]. Surface Technology, 2025, 54(11): 203-210.
[27] WEI X L, HONG H S, DAI F C, et al.Microstructure, Fracture Toughness and Cavitation Behavior of Plasma- Sprayed Fe-Based Amorphous Coating by Annealing Treatment and Laser Remelting[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2025, 513: 132460.
基金
国家自然科学基金（52404124）; 中国博士后科学基金（2023M731481）
PDF(24023 KB)
渝公网安备 50010702501715号 渝ICP备15012534号-3
