高强钢阻氢涂层的研究现状与展望

许洋; 汪笑鹤; 王玉江; 魏世丞

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.04.001

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4) : 1-17. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.04.001

腐蚀与防护

高强钢阻氢涂层的研究现状与展望

许洋¹, 汪笑鹤^2,*, 王玉江², 魏世丞²

作者信息 +

Research Status and Prospect of High-strength Steel Hydrogen Resistant Coating

XU Yang¹, WANG Xiaohe^2,*, WANG Yujiang², WEI Shicheng²

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

高强钢虽因其卓越的机械性能而广泛应用于航空航天、汽车等领域,但其应用深受氢脆问题的限制。本文系统综述了高强钢阻氢涂层的研究进展,重点分析了表面阻隔、氢捕获和扩散路径阻断三大机理,并评估了氧化物、氮化物、碳基材料及金属合金等涂层性能。阻氢涂层通过在材料表面形成致密保护层,有效阻止氢原子渗透。随着氢能产业的发展,该技术已从核工业拓展至储氢罐、输氢管道和燃料电池等民用领域,通过“物理阻隔-化学吸附-能垒调控”协同机制,显著延长材料寿命并降低氢脆导致的部件更换成本。目前开发的涂层体系包括氧化物、氮化物、碳基材料、金属合金及多层复合结构。研究人员系统研究了这些涂层的制备工艺、阻氢性能、微观结构和界面特性,但其阻氢机制尚未完全阐明,性能优化潜力巨大。涂层阻氢主要通过三大协同机制实现：表面屏障依靠致密微观结构阻断氢吸附解离;氢捕获利用纳米析出物等缺陷固定氢原子形成陷阱;扩散路径阻断通过多层结构或晶界工程延长氢迁移路径。现有制备技术各具特色：气相沉积薄膜质量高但成本高、速率低;热喷涂效率高但孔隙率大、结合力弱;电化学沉积成本低但涂层均匀性差。采用Devanathan-Stachurski电池等评价方法可有效量化涂层在实际工况下的氢通量、扩散系数等关键参数。

Abstract

High-strength steel is widely utilized in aerospace, automotive, and energy engineering due to its exceptional mechanical properties. However, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) poses a significant challenge, limiting its broader application. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advancements in hydrogen barrier coatings for high-strength steel, with focuses on their mechanisms such as surface barrier effects, hydrogen trapping, and diffusion path blocking, and evaluates the performance of various coating materials, including oxides, nitrides, carbon-based materials, and metal alloys.
To address the hydrogen embrittlement issue in high-strength steel, hydrogen barrier coating technology has been developed, which forms a dense protective layer on the surface to prevent hydrogen atoms from migrating into the substrate. With the rapid development of the hydrogen energy industry, the research scope of hydrogen barrier coatings has expanded from the nuclear industry to civilian fields such as hydrogen storage containers, hydrogen transmission pipelines, and fuel cells, establishing a multi-synergistic protective mechanism involving "physical barrier, chemical adsorption, and energy barrier regulation". This technology not only extends the service life of materials but also effectively reduces the cost of replacing expensive components due to hydrogen embrittlement.
Recent research breakthroughs in hydrogen barrier coatings worldwide have led to the development of various coating systems, including oxides, nitrides, carbon-based materials, metal alloys, and multi-layer composite structures. Researchers have conducted systematic investigations into the preparation processes, hydrogen barrier properties, microstructures, and interfacial bonding characteristics of these coatings with high-strength steel substrates. However, the specific mechanisms of the hydrogen barrier effect of coatings have not been fully elucidated, and there remains significant potential for performance optimization.
The hydrogen barrier efficacy of coatings primarily involves three mechanisms, which often work synergistically in advanced designs: surface barrier, hydrogen trapping, and diffusion path blocking. The surface barrier mechanisms rely on dense, defect-free coating microstructures to physically block the adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen at the material surface. The hydrogen trapping mechanism utilizes intentional microstructural defects, such as nanoscale precipitates or lattice distortions, to immobilize diffusing hydrogen atoms, acting as "sinks" that bind hydrogen with sufficient energy to prevent its migration to critical regions of the steel substrate. The diffusion path blocking mechanism is achieved through the strategic engineering of coating architectures, such as multi-layered structures or grain boundary engineering, which significantly extends hydrogen migration routes, slowing down hydrogen permeation to manageable rates.
A variety of coating preparation technologies with distinct advantages and limitations are available. Vapor deposition techniques produce high-purity and uniform films but face challenges in scalability due to high equipment costs and low deposition rates. Thermal spraying enables rapid deposition and is adaptable to complex geometries, yet porosity and weak interfacial adhesion limit long-term performance. Recent innovations, such as post-spray nitriding to form AlN interlayers, have improved hydrogen permeation reduction factors (PRFs) by 100%. Electrochemical deposition is cost-effective for metals, achieving up to 95% hydrogen permeation inhibition, but struggles with ceramic coatings due to issues like porosity and uneven film formation.
Performance evaluation methods for hydrogen barrier coatings, such as electrochemical hydrogen permeation testing using Devanathan-Stachurski cells and gas-phase permeation systems, play a crucial role in quantifying hydrogen fluxes, diffusion coefficients, and trapping efficiency. These methods help assess the effectiveness of coatings in real-world operating conditions.

导出引用

许洋, 汪笑鹤, 王玉江, 魏世丞. 高强钢阻氢涂层的研究现状与展望[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(4): 1-17

XU Yang, WANG Xiaohe, WANG Yujiang, WEI Shicheng. Research Status and Prospect of High-strength Steel Hydrogen Resistant Coating[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(4): 1-17

中图分类号： TG17

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