超疏水减阻表面制备与应用研究进展

崔梓轩; 侯现会; 董树亮; 安立宝

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.02.012

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (2) : 151-181. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.02.012

功能表面及技术

超疏水减阻表面制备与应用研究进展

崔梓轩, 侯现会, 董树亮^*, 安立宝^*

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Preparation and Applications of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Drag Reduction

CUI Zixuan, HOU Xianhui, DONG Shuliang^*, AN Libao^*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

流体介质中运动体的阻力优化成为多学科交叉的前沿研究领域。研究表明,船舶和水下航行器的摩擦阻力分别占总阻力的50%和70%,不仅增加了燃料消耗和碳排放,还限制了深海探测等技术的发展。超疏水表面因其独特的微纳米结构和优异的疏水性能,显著降低了流体与固体表面的摩擦阻力,为减阻技术开辟了新方向。本文系统综述了超疏水表面减阻技术的最新进展,涵盖以下四个方面：首先,从理论层面解析超疏水表面的减阻机理,重点探讨空气层稳定性和滑移效应对减阻的影响;其次,详细阐述超疏水表面的制备技术,如化学蚀刻、激光加工、电沉积、模板法等,分析其优缺点,并总结主流测试方法,包括速度测量法、直接测力法、扭矩测量法和压降测量法;再次,归纳超疏水表面在船舶、管道输送、微流控芯片及医疗设备等领域的应用案例,展示其在提升能源效率、降低运营成本及推动绿色转型中的潜力;最后,结合当前技术挑战,展望了超疏水表面减阻规模化应用的前景。

Abstract

The optimization of drag reduction for moving objects in fluid media has emerged as a cutting-edge multidisciplinary research field. Data indicate that frictional drag accounts for approximately 50% of total resistance in ships and up to 70% in underwater vehicles, leading to increased fuel consumption, high carbon emissions (with global maritime transport contributing ~10% of emissions), and limitations in operational range for applications like deep-sea exploration. Addressing these challenges, superhydrophobic surfaces, characterized by their micro-nanostructures and exceptional water-repellent properties, have opened new avenues for drag reduction by forming stable air lubrication layers that minimize direct fluid-solid contact and alter interfacial interactions. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in superhydrophobic surface drag reduction technologies from four key aspects of theoretical mechanisms, fabrication techniques, practical applications, and future prospects.
The first section delves into the theoretical underpinnings of superhydrophobic drag reduction, with focuses on the mechanisms governing slip effect, which are pivotal to reducing frictional drag. Key models, such as Young's equation, Wenzel, and Cassie models, describe the relationship between surface roughness, contact angle, and wettability, highlighting how micro-nanostructures trap air to create a low-friction gas-liquid interface. The slip length, a critical parameter in Navier's slip theory, quantifies the fluid's tangential velocity at the interface, with larger slip lengths correlating to enhanced drag reduction.
The second section delves into the mechanisms by which air layer stability influences the drag-reduction performance of superhydrophobic surfaces, systematically elucidating the physical mechanisms underlying air layer failure. It focuses on analyzing the interplay of multiple factors, including hydrostatic pressure, pressure gradients, gas diffusion, and water flow shear stress, and their combined effects on air layer stability. Based on this, the design principles of superhydrophobic surfaces with underwater stability, such as self-responsive structures, micro-nano multi-level structures, and double-concave structures, are introduced, and systematic optimization schemes for enhancing air layer stability are summarized.
The third section elaborates on fabrication techniques for superhydrophobic surfaces, which are categorized into top-down (e.g., chemical etching, laser ablation) and bottom-up (e.g., coating deposition, sol-gel, electrodeposition, templating) methods. Each technique's advantages, such as the precision of laser ablation or the scalability of chemical etching, are weighed against limitations like high costs or environmental concerns. Biomimetic approaches, inspired by natural superhydrophobic surfaces like those of Salvinia, further enhance air layer stability and drag reduction efficiency. Experimental methods for measuring drag reduction, including velocity measurement, direct force measurement, torque measurement, and pressure drop techniques, are also reviewed.
The fourth section explores practical applications, demonstrating superhydrophobic surfaces' transformative potential in marine vessels, pipeline transport, microfluidic systems, and medical devices. In maritime applications, superhydrophobic coatings reduce drag by up to 40%, improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. In pipelines and microchannels, these surfaces have lower pressure drops, enhancing energy efficiency. In medical applications, superhydrophobic surfaces mitigate blood adhesion and thrombosis, reducing complications in devices like catheters, with drag reduction efficiencies reaching up to 76%.
The final section addresses challenges, such as maintaining air layer stability under high-pressure flows, and proposes future research directions. Innovations combining biomimetic designs, hybrid fabrication methods, and scalable production techniques are expected to overcome current limitations. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold immense potential for enhancing energy efficiency, reducing operational costs, and supporting global sustainability goals by facilitating greener transportation and optimized energy systems. Continued advancements in air layer stability and durable surface designs will be critical to realizing their widespread industrial adoption.

导出引用

崔梓轩, 侯现会, 董树亮, 安立宝. 超疏水减阻表面制备与应用研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(2): 151-181

CUI Zixuan, HOU Xianhui, DONG Shuliang, AN Libao. Research Progress on Preparation and Applications of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Drag Reduction[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(2): 151-181

中图分类号： TH117

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