目的 通过激光冲击强化技术提高增材制造316L不锈钢的耐磨性。方法 采用激光能量为6 J,脉冲宽度为15 ns,光斑直径为3 mm的脉冲激光对增材制造316L不锈钢样件进行处理,研究激光冲击强化对增材316L不锈钢样件的表面形貌、显微硬度、残余应力分布、微观组织和耐磨性的影响。结果 激光冲击强化后,增材316L不锈钢样件X射线衍射图谱的衍射峰发生偏移,但未发生相变;由于严重的塑性变形,其表面粗糙度增加。强化后样件表面晶粒明显细化,平均晶粒尺寸由原始状态的58.3 μm减小至47.9 μm;同时表面位错密度显著增加,残余压应力达到-353 MPa;显微硬度由233.2HV提升至288.7HV,增幅约23.8%。摩擦磨损试验表明,激光冲击强化后的样件摩擦系数由0.409降至0.373,平均磨损率降低了约50.12%。磨损形貌分析显示,未处理样件以剥落磨损为主,而强化样件主要表现为黏着磨损,表面损伤减轻。结论 激光冲击强化通过晶粒细化、增加位错密度以及引入堆垛层错与残余压应力的协同作用,从而显著提升了增材316L不锈钢样件的硬度和耐磨性。该技术为改善增材制造金属零件的表面性能提供了有效途径。
Abstract
To enhance the wear resistance of laser additive-manufactured (LAM) 316L stainless steel, laser shock processing (LSP) was employed as an effective surface strengthening technique in this study. The 316L stainless steel samples were fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM), a widely used additive manufacturing method, and subsequently treated with LSP at a laser energy of 6 J, a pulse width of 15 ns, and a spot diameter of 3 mm. A comprehensive evaluation of the effects of LSP treatment was conducted through various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical profilometry, microhardness testing, friction and wear experiments, as well as microstructural evolution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The study primarily investigated the residual stress distribution, surface morphology, microhardness, and wear resistance of the LAMed 316L stainless steel before and after LSP treatment.
The results revealed that LSP induced significant microstructural modifications in the surface layer of the material. XRD analysis showed a noticeable shift in the diffraction peaks, indicating a transformation in the stress state, while no new phases were detected, confirming that the material retained its original chemical composition. Microstructural observation revealed clear evidence of grain refinement near the treated surface, with the average surface grain size reduced from 58.3 μm to 47.9 μm. Moreover, the dislocation density significantly increased in the surface layer, and the compressive residual stress of −353 MPa was introduced into the material. These microstructural changes collectively contributed to a substantial improvement in the mechanical properties of the LSP-treated samples. While the severe plastic deformation caused by LSP slightly increased the surface roughness, this change did not negatively affect the overall performance of the material.
The strengthening mechanisms induced by LSP were identified as a combination of grain refinement, compressive residual stress generation, and enhanced dislocation density. These mechanisms synergistically enhanced both hardness and wear resistance. The microhardness of the LSP-treated samples increased from 233.2HV to 288.7HV, representing an improvement of 23.8%. Additionally, wear resistance was significantly enhanced, as evidenced by a reduction in the coefficient of friction from 0.409 to 0.373. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of LSP in enhancing the surface performance of LAMed 316L stainless steel. Wear morphology analysis revealed a shift in the dominant wear mechanisms. Untreated samples exhibited delamination wear, characterized by severe material removal and surface damage. In contrast, LSP-treated samples primarily showed adhesive wear, with much less surface damage. This improvement was attributed to the combined effects of grain refinement, compressive residual stress, and increased dislocation density, which enhanced the material's ability to resist deformation and wear under frictional forces.
LSP effectively enhanced the surface properties of LAMed 316L stainless steel by refining the microstructure, increasing dislocation density, introducing stacking faults, and generating compressive residual stress into the surface layer. These modifications significantly improved the microhardness, wear resistance, and overall durability of the material. This study highlights the potential of LSP as a practical and efficient surface treatment approach for significantly enhancing the wear resistance of additively manufactured metal components.
关键词
激光冲击强化 /
增材制造 /
微观组织 /
耐磨性能
Key words
laser shock processing /
additive manufacturing /
microstructure /
wear resistance
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基金
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金（2024A1515011011）; 国家重点研发计划（2022YFB4601600）; 中国博士后科学基金会博士后基金（GZC20230368,2024M750345）; 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所科学研究基金（E3551104）; 汕头大学科研启动金项目（NTF22001）
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