目的 飞机在雨中高速飞行时,机体迎风面蒙皮涂层受到雨滴冲击作用而产生损伤,出现表面开裂、剥离等典型损伤,会降低结构的安全性和功能性,因此需要对蒙皮涂层的雨蚀损伤机理进行深入研究。方法 利用一级轻气炮搭建的单射流试验平台和水切割装置改装的多射流试验平台模拟雨滴冲击。针对以碳纤维T300编制材料为基体,表面涂有3种同等厚度的聚氨酯涂层材料,在不同试验条件下对材料进行雨蚀试验研究。结果 在617 m/s冲击速度条件下,以0°、15°、30°的冲击角度以及在15°冲击角度,430、490和555 m/s的冲击速度下对三种涂层材料进行单射流试验;对三种涂层材料在 350、370和420 m/s的冲击速度下,进行1 000次冲击的多喷射流试验。结果 表明：随着冲击角度和速度的变化,三种涂层材料的损伤趋势是一致的;典型损伤形貌相同,即当水锤压力低于涂层材料的屈服强度极限时,损伤区域由环形损伤包围中央未损伤区域构成;当水锤压力超过材料的屈服强度极限时,水锤压力结合侧向射流会造成1~2倍液滴直径的损伤区域。多射流与单射流的试验结果具有相似性。结论 通过对比单射流与多射流试验下涂层材料的典型损伤形貌可知,材料的雨蚀损伤机理与自身的力学性能关系密切。根据三种涂层材料在不同试验参数下的损伤结果,材料1性能最佳,在多种试验条件下均有良好的表现,能够满足飞机在不同环境下的飞行需求。
Abstract
When an aircraft flies at high speed in the rain, the skin coating on the windward side of the fuselage is damaged by the impact of raindrops. In order to ensure the safety of flight, the rain erosion damage mechanism of the skin coating is studied in depth. To simulate the raindrop impact, a single-jet test platform constructed by a first-class light-air gun and a multi-jet test platform modified by a water-cutting device were utilized. Rain erosion tests were conducted on the materials under different experimental conditions, where the substrate is made of carbon fiber T300 woven fabric, and its surface is coated with three types of polyurethane coating materials of equal thickness. Single-jet flow tests were performed on three coating materials at an impact velocity of 617 m/s and impact angles of 0°, 15°, and 30° as well as on three coating materials at impact velocities of 430, 490, and 555 m/s and an impact angle of 15°. Multi-jet flow tests were performed on three coating materials at impact velocities of 350, 370, and 420 m/s with 1 000 impacts. The results showed that, with the change of impact angle and velocity, the damage trend of the three coating materials was consistent and the typical damage morphology was the same. For example, when the water hammer pressure was lower than the yield strength limit of the coating material, the damage area consisted of a ring-shaped region encircling the central uninjured area, and when the water hammer pressure was higher than the yield strength limit of the material, the combination of the water hammer pressure with the lateral jet would cause a damage area 1-2 times the diameter of the liquid droplet. Under the impact of a single jet, the damage profile of the coating material was not symmetrical, and the damage profile in the transverse direction was larger than that in the longitudinal direction. This occurred because the jet was affected by gravity during flight, which produced a downward drop, resulting in hindered lateral jet propagation in the vertical direction. Under the impact of multiple jets, the damage critical velocities of materials 1 and 2 were in the range of 320-350 m/s and the damage critical velocity of material 3 was slightly lower than 320 m/s. Different materials produced distinct erosion pit shapes under the impact of multiple jets. These shapes affected further erosion differently: flat-bottomed pits promoted erosion, while sharp-bottomed pits mitigated it. There was a similarity between the test results for single and multiple jets. Comparing the typical damage morphology of the coating materials under single-jet and multi-jet tests, it was found that the rain-etching damage mechanism of the materials was closely related to their own mechanical properties, but not to the impact mode. Based on the damage results of the three coating materials under different test parameters of single and multiple jets, material 1 performs best under different rain field impacts simulated by the test and can adapt to the aircraft under different flight conditions.
关键词
液固冲击 /
雨蚀损伤 /
水射流 /
冲击动力学 /
复合材料 /
涂层
Key words
liquid-solid impact /
rain erosion damage /
water jets /
impact dynamics /
composites /
coatings
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基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目（12261131505,U2241274）; 俄罗斯科学基金（23-49-00133）; 航空科学基金项目（20240002053002）; 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划（2025JC-YBMS-005）; 陕西省重点研发计划项目（2024GX-YBXM-037）; 太仓市基础研究项目（TC2024JC10）
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