目的 提高GCr15轴承钢的耐磨性,探究位移幅值和法向载荷对微动摩擦磨损的影响。方法 研究经过微粒子喷丸（FPB）处理后,GCr15轴承钢在不同位移幅值（20、50、80 μm）及不同法向载荷（40、60、80 N）条件下的微动摩擦磨损行为。采用显微硬度计、白光干涉仪、背散射电子衍射（EBSD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对试样的表面硬度、晶粒结构、宏观形貌和磨痕形貌进行测量分析。结果 通过微粒子喷丸,使得试样表面发生了严重的塑性变形,产生了数十微米的变形层,小角度晶界密度从5.8%提高至12.6%,显著提高了表面硬度,其表面硬度达到1 005HV0.2,提高了56.5%,在次表层出现了最大残余压应力,大角度晶界密度提高至20.1%,其平均摩擦因数在20 N、80 μm时达到最小值（0.12）,在40 N、80 μm时达到最大值（0.52）。结论 通过微粒子喷丸强化产生的强烈轰击,使得材料发生了剧烈的塑性变形,出现了微凹坑。通过细晶强化,可以有效提高材料的硬度和耐磨性,经微粒子喷丸后试样在相同载荷下的平均摩擦因数和磨损体积随着位移幅值的增加而增加,在相同位移幅值下,其平均摩擦因数随着法向载荷的增加逐渐降低。
Abstract
Fine Particle Bombardment (FPB) is a surface strengthening technique in which a large number of micron-sized pellets are carried by high-pressure air to impact the surface of the workpiece, introducing residual compressive stress and microstructure deformation (such as grain refinement and dislocation density increase). Compared with traditional shot peening, it has the advantage of a smaller particle size (50-100 μm), deeper residual compressive stress layer, more uniform strengthening effect and lower surface roughness. GCr15 bearing steel is a kind of high carbon chromium steel widely used in the field of machinery manufacturing, because of its excellent hardness, wear resistance and fatigue properties, and also applied in the manufacture of bearings, balls, rollers and other key components. However, under actual working conditions, bearing steel often undergoes complex alternating loads and micro-dynamic friction and wear, which will lead to gradual failure of the material surface, thereby shortening its service life. For GCr15 bearing steel, Fine Particle Bombardment can effectively improve the surface hardness, while maintaining high precision surface quality (Ra<0.2 μm), especially suitable for high-load, high-speed bearing strengthening needs. In this work, the surface modification of GCr15 bearing steel was carried out with this technique, and the strengthening mechanism and micro-dynamic friction and wear characteristics were studied.
GCr15 bearing steel was cut into ϕ24 mm×8 mm round cake by EDM cutting, and the processed sample was polished and ground. The round cake sample was treated with FPB for 120 s under 0.3 MPa air pressure. The diameter of particles ranged from 50 μm to 100 μm. The distance between the nozzle and the sample was kept at 100 mm. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) were used to analyze the grain structure and grain boundary distribution of the strengthened sample. The residual stress distribution was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed that serious plastic deformation occurred on the material surface, forming a nanocrystalline layer of about 20 μm and a deformed layer of tens of microns. After FPB treatment, the density of low-angle grain boundaries increased from 5.8% to 12.6%, the surface hardness increased significantly to 1 005HV0.2, an increase of 56.5%, and the density of high-angle grain boundaries increased to 20.1%. The residual compressive stress from the surface to the bottom increased first and then decreased, and the residual compressive stress reached its maximum value in the subsurface. Under different displacement amplitude (20 μm, 50 μm, 80 μm) and different normal loads (40 N, 60 N, 80 N), the samples treated with FPB were tested for microkinetic friction and wear to simulate the friction and wear behaviour under actual working conditions. The fretting cycle diagram (Ft-D-N) was drawn to analyze the fretting operation state under various parameters. The morphology and element distribution of the wear marks were observed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and the friction and wear mechanism were analyzed. The average friction coefficient reached the minimum value of 0.12 at 20 N and 80 μm and reached a maximum of 0.52 at 40 N and 80 μm.
The hardness and wear resistance of the material can be effectively improved by fine particle bombardment. The average friction coefficient and wear volume of the sample after peening increase with the increase of displacement amplitude. Under the same displacement amplitude, the average friction coefficient decreases gradually with the increase of normal load.
关键词
微粒子喷丸 /
GCr15轴承钢 /
微观结构 /
微动磨损 /
耐磨性 /
磨损机制
Key words
fine particle bombardment /
GCr15 bearing steel /
microstructure /
fretting wear /
wear resistance /
wear mechanism
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] WATERHOUSE R B.Fretting Wear[J]. Wear, 1984, 100(1/2/3): 107-118.
[2] CALDERON-HERNANDEZ J W, PEREZ-GIRALDO M, BUITRAGO-SIERRA R, et al. Failure Analysis of Loom Crankshafts in Textile Industry by Fretting-Fatigue[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2023, 151: 107414.
[3] LAVELLA M, BOTTO D.Fretting Wear of Alloy Steels at the Blade Tip of Steam Turbines[J]. Wear, 2019, 426: 735-740.
[4] SATO J, SHIMA M, TAKEUCHI M.Fretting Wear in Seawater[J]. Wear, 1986, 110(3/4): 227-238.
[5] ATTIA H.A Generalized Fretting Wear Theory[J]. Tribology International, 2009, 42(9): 1380-1388.
[6] HURRICKS P L.The Mechanism of Fretting - A Review[J]. Wear, 1970, 15(6): 389-409.
[7] BRYANT M D.Assessment of Fretting Failure Models of Electrical Connectors[C]// Proceedings of IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contracts.Chicago:IEEE, 1994: 167-175.
[8] RAMESH R, GNANAMOORTHY R.Development of a Fretting Wear Test Rig and Preliminary Studies for Understanding the Fretting Wear Properties of Steels[J]. Materials & Design, 2006, 27(2): 141-146.
[9] HALLAB N J, JACOBS J J.Orthopedic Implant Fretting Corrosion[J]. Corrosion Reviews, 2003, 21(2/3): 183-214.
[10] PARK M, HWANG Y H, CHOI Y S, et al.Analysis of a J69-T-25 Engine Turbine Blade Fracture[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2002, 9(5): 593-601.
[11] ZHOU Z R, FISET M, CARDOU A, et al.Effect of Lubricant in Electrical Conductor Fretting Fatigue[J]. Wear, 1995, 189(1/2): 51-57.
[12] TOMLINSON G A.The Rusting of Steel Surfaces in Contact[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 1927, 115(771): 472-483.
[13] KENNEDY P, PETERSON M B, STALLINGS L.An Evaluation of Fretting at Small Slip Amplitudes[M]. West Conshohocken, Pa:ASTM International,1982: 30-48
[14] XIN L, YANG B B, WANG Z H, et al.Effect of Normal Force on Fretting Wear Behavior and Mechanism of Alloy 690 t in High Temperature Water[J]. Wear, 2016, 368: 210-218.
[15] SHEN Y, ZHANG D K, DUAN J J, et al.Fretting Wear Behaviors of Steel Wires under Friction-Increasing Grease Conditions[J]. Tribology International, 2011, 44(11): 1511-1517.
[16] NIKU-LARI A.Overview on the Shot Peening Process[M]. Pergamon: Advances in Surface Treatments, 1987: 155-170.
[17] FRIDRICI V, FOUVRY S, KAPSA P.Effect of Shot Peening on the Fretting Wear of Ti-6Al-4V[J]. Wear, 2001, 250(1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12): 642-649.
[18] R S, P G, GUPTA R K, et al. Laser Shock Peening and Its Applications: A Review[J]. Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2019, 6(4): 424-463.
[19] MAURER R E. Friction, Wear,Corrosion Control in Rolling Bearings through Coatings and Surface Modification: A Review[J]. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 1986, 4(6): 3002-3006.
[20] SHI L, CUI X F, LI J, et al.Enhanced Impact and Wear Properties of Gear Steel by Supersonic Fine Particle Bombardment Modification Technology[J]. Materials Characterization, 2022, 194: 112368.
[21] CHEN Y W, SHENG Y Y, WANG Y, et al.Enhancing Wear Resistance and Microstructural Evolution of Brass through Laser Shock Peening[J]. Tribology Letters, 2023, 71(4): 107.
[22] TRDAN U, SKARBA M, PORRO J A, et al.Application of Massive Laser Shock Processing for Improvement of Mechanical and Tribological Properties[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2018, 342: 1-11.
[23] SÁNCHEZ-SANTANA U, RUBIO-GONZÁLEZ C, GOMEZ-ROSAS G, et al. Wear and Friction of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Treated by Laser Shock Processing[J]. Wear, 2006, 260(7/8): 847-854.
[24] GOLDEN P J, HUTSON A, SUNDARAM V, et al.Effect of Surface Treatments on Fretting Fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2007, 29(7): 1302-1310.
[25] HABIG K H.Wear Behaviour of Surface Coatings on Steels[J]. Tribology International, 1989, 22(2): 65-73.
[26] YANG Z, ZHENG J, ZHAN K, et al.Investigation on Surface Characteristic and Tribological Behavior of BS960 Steel by Using Micro-shot Peening and Traditional Shot Peening[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2023, 32(22): 10165-10174.
[27] WU Y L, XIONG Y, CHEN Z G, et al.Effect of Gas Pressure on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC11 Titanium Alloy during Supersonic Fine Particle Bombardment[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2023, 33(8): 2379-2394.
[28] LIU J N, CUI X F, CHEN Y B, et al.Mechanical Properties and Formation Mechanism of Surface Hard Nanocrystalline Carbon Diffusion Layer on 18Cr2Ni4WA Steel Induced by Supersonic Fine Particle Bombarding[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2023, 32(17): 7980-7990.
[29] HE T T, LIU Z Y, LI L F, et al.Effect of Supersonic Fine Particle Bombardment on Microstructure Evolution and Tribological Properties of GCr15SiMn Bearing Steel[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 28: 1111-1120.
[30] LI Y, LIAN Y, LI J K, et al.Effect of Supersonic Fine Particle Bombardment on the Surface Integrity and Wear Performance of DZ2 Axle Steel[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2022, 435: 128250.
[31] LI S Q, ZHANG M Y, XIA D X, et al.Investigation on Microstructure and Fretting Wear Properties of GCr15 Bearing Steel Modified by Fine Particle Bombardment[J]. Tribology Transactions, 2023, 66(6): 1179-1190.
[32] XU X, ZHANG J, LIU H G, et al.Grain Refinement Mechanism under High Strain-Rate Deformation in Machined Surface during High Speed Machining Ti6Al4V[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 752: 167-179.
[33] ZENG D F, LU L T, ZHANG N, et al.Investigation on the Scuffing Resistance of Ductile Cast Iron as Affected by Fine Particle Bombardment to Produce Surface Hardened Layer and Micro-Dimpled Surface[J]. Wear, 2017, 378: 174-182.
[34] CHEN X, ZHANG L, XIONG Y, et al.Effects of Supersonic Fine Particle Bombardment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo Alloy[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2023, 459: 129383.
[1] ZHOU T, XIONG Y, CHEN Z G, et al.Effect of Surface Nano-Crystallization Induced by Supersonic Fine Particles Bombarding on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 300M Steel[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2021, 421: 127381.
[35] LI J, LU Y H, ZHANG H Y, et al.Effect of Grain Size and Hardness on Fretting Wear Behavior of Inconel 600 Alloys[J]. Tribology International, 2015, 81: 215-222.
[36] ZHOU Z R, NAKAZAWA K, ZHU M H, et al.Progress in FrettiFng Maps[J]. Tribology International, 2006, 39(10): 1068-1073.
[37] ZHU M H, ZHOU Z R.On the Mechanisms of Various Fretting Wear Modes[J]. Tribology International, 2011, 44(11): 1378-1388.
[38] VINGSBO O, SÖDERBERG S. On Fretting Maps[J]. Wear, 1988, 126(2): 131-147.
[39] YUE T, WAHAB M A.A Review on Fretting Wear Mechanisms, Models and Numerical Analyses[J]. Computers, Materials & Continua, 2019, 59(2):405-432
[40] LIM S C.Recent Developments in Wear-Mechanism Maps[J]. Tribology International, 1998, 31(1/2/3): 87-97.
[41] LI W, LU L, ZENG D.The Contribution of Topography Formed by Fine Particle Peening Process in Reducing Friction Coefficient of Gear Steel[J]. Tribology Transactions, 2020, 63(1): 9-19.
基金
山东省自然科学基金（SZR2138）; 山东省重点研发计划（SGG2313）
PDF(20250 KB)
渝公网安备 50010702501715号 渝ICP备15012534号-3
