超疏水表面液滴撞击行为的研究进展

夏磊; 陈发泽; 陈小康; 周建平

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.003

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表面技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (21) : 47-63. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.003

专题——超浸润多级表面结构的设计与应用

超疏水表面液滴撞击行为的研究进展

夏磊^1a,1b, 陈发泽², 陈小康^1a, 周建平^1a,*

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Droplet Impact Behavior on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

XIA Lei^1a,1b, CHEN Faze², CHEN Xiaokang^1a, ZHOU Jianping^1a,*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

液滴撞击固体表面是自然界与工业过程中的常见现象,也是流体机械、表界面力学等学科的基础问题。近年来,超疏水表面因其在冷凝传热、防结冰、抗腐蚀、流体减阻与自清洁等方面展现出巨大应用潜力,成为液滴撞击行为研究的热点方向。本文围绕液滴在超疏水表面上的动力学行为,综述了液滴撞击行为的研究进展。首先,回顾了液滴撞击过程中的铺展、回缩、溅射与反弹等基本动力学阶段,归纳了液滴尺寸、黏度、撞击速度、表面粗糙度与静态接触角等关键参数对撞击行为的影响规律。随后,分析了固液之间气膜的形成、稳定性及其失效机制,分析了液滴撞击表面的接触模式与动力学特征,基于润湿性转变机理,从撞击压力与能量耗散等角度探讨了液滴润湿状态转变的物理条件与内在机制,梳理了表面结构参数对液滴反弹行为与接触时间的调控规律。最后,阐述了液滴撞击过程中的一系列复杂现象,包括接触时间、气腔塌陷、高速射流、气泡捕获等,并指出当前研究中存在的问题与未来的发展方向,为相关基础研究与工程实践提供理论支撑与研究参考。

Abstract

The dynamic behavior of droplet impact on solid surfaces is a fundamental phenomenon that occurs widely in both nature and industrial applications. It plays a critical role in various engineering and scientific domains, including fluid mechanics, interfacial physics, and microscale heat and mass transfer. In recent years, bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces, characterized by their extreme water-repellent properties due to micro- and nano-scale structures, have garnered increasing attention owing to their promising applications in condensation heat transfer, anti-icing, anti-corrosion, drag reduction, and self-cleaning technologies. Consequently, the study of droplet impact dynamics on superhydrophobic surfaces has become a research hotspot.
This review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the complex droplet impact behavior on superhydrophobic surfaces. Firstly, the fundamental impact phases including spreading, retraction, splashing, and rebound are systematically introduced. The effect of key impact parameters such as droplet diameter, viscosity, impact velocity, surface roughness, and static contact angle on the impact dynamics is discussed in detail. These parameters collectively determine the kinetic energy dissipation, wetting behavior, and ultimate rebound performance of the droplet.
Subsequently, the formation, evolution, and breakdown of the thin air film between the droplet and the substrate during the early stage of impact are analyzed, alongside current experimental techniques for visualizing nanoscale gas layers. The stability and rupture mechanisms of the air film are revealed to be crucial in determining whether the impact is non-wetting or results in liquid-solid contact. The contact modes of droplets on smooth and rough surfaces are further discussed, shedding light on the interplay between kinetic energy and surface energy during the impact process.
In terms of surface design and preparation, this review summarizes the typical fabrication strategies for superhydrophobic surfaces, including chemical etching, lithography, self-assembly, and low surface energy coating. Based on the wettability transition mechanism, the conditions for transitions from non-wetting (Cassie-Baxter state) to partial or full wetting (Wenzel state) are explored, considering factors such as impact-induced pressure and energy dissipation. The role of surface micro/nanostructures in controlling the contact time and bounce behaviors is emphasized. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms behind unconventional rebound phenomena, such as pancake bouncing and angular or toroidal bouncing, which offers novel possibilities for controlling droplet-surface interactions.
Moreover, the review highlights a series of complex secondary phenomena during droplet impact, including contact time minimization, air cavity collapse leading to upward jet formation, entrapped air bubble generation, and asymmetric rebounds induced by surface heterogeneity or inclination. The underlying mechanisms, associated dimensionless parameters (e.g., Weber number, Reynolds number, Ohnesorge number), and scaling laws governing these behaviors are critically reviewed.
Finally, current challenges and research gaps are outlined, including the lack of accurate models for multiphase interactions, limited understanding of impact dynamics under extreme environmental conditions (e.g., high temperature, low temperature, humidity, or low pressure), and insufficient exploration of real-world engineering integration. Future studies should aim to strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration, combine experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches, and accelerate the transition from laboratory research to practical applications.
This review aims to provide comprehensive theoretical insights and practical guidelines for researchers and engineers engaged in the study and application of droplet dynamics on superhydrophobic surfaces.

导出引用

夏磊, 陈发泽, 陈小康, 周建平. 超疏水表面液滴撞击行为的研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2025, 54(21): 47-63 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.003

XIA Lei, CHEN Faze, CHEN Xiaokang, ZHOU Jianping. Research Progress on Droplet Impact Behavior on Superhydrophobic Surfaces[J]. Surface Technology. 2025, 54(21): 47-63 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.003

中图分类号： TB34

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