微纳结构热管及其仿生流体界面强化技术

陈秀鹏; 李荣跃; 杨晓龙

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.002

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表面技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (21) : 23-46. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.002

专题——超浸润多级表面结构的设计与应用

微纳结构热管及其仿生流体界面强化技术

陈秀鹏, 李荣跃, 杨晓龙^*

作者信息 +

Micro-nano Structured Heat Pipes and Their Bionic Fluid Interface Enhancement Technology

CHEN Xiupeng, LI Rongyue, YANG Xiaolong^*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

随着电子与新能源器件向极端小型化、集成化方向发展,高热流密度散热需求日益迫切,热管作为基于相变传热的高效被动传热装置成为重要解决方案。本文围绕热管高效传热核心目标,从微纳结构吸液芯设计和界面润湿性调控两大维度,系统综述了热管性能优化的技术路径与研究进展。在核心部件微纳结构吸液芯设计上,综述了传统吸液芯结构存在毛细力与渗透率的固有矛盾,复合吸液芯通过不同结构的优势整合,在一定程度上缓解了这一矛盾,而具有仿生结构的复合吸液芯则可突破局限,进一步有效释放该瓶颈。润湿性是连接吸液芯微纳结构与工质的关键特性;基于杨氏方程、Wenzel和Cassie-Baxter经典润湿理论,通过仿生拓扑和图案润湿界面设计,可调谐吸液芯微纳结构与工质的相互作用动态特性,强化热管两相相变传热。通过构建仿生超亲液、超疏液及图案化润湿表面来促进相变成核,及气泡或液滴的高频脱离,同时提升毛细供液水平,是强化热管冷凝、蒸发/沸腾两相相变传热效率的有效途径。最后,展望了热管技术向仿生界面调控动态响应、功能强化、长效稳定、多学科交叉集成应用的发展趋势,旨在为未来高性能热管的设计、开发与工程应用提供参考。

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of electronic and new energy devices toward extreme miniaturization and high integration, such as the shrinking size of high-performance microchips, the compact design of lithium-ion battery packs for electric vehicles, and the dense layout of components in renewable energy systems, the demand for efficient heat dissipation under high heat flux conditions has become increasingly urgent. Excessive heat accumulation in these devices not only degrades operational performance and shortens service life but also poses potential safety hazards, making effective thermal management a critical bottleneck to further technological progress. As high-efficiency passive heat transfer devices leveraging phase-change mechanisms, heat pipes have emerged as a core solution, for their ability to transfer large amounts of heat with minimal temperature differences far surpasses traditional conductive or convective heat transfer methods. Focusing on the core objective of maximizing heat pipe heat transfer efficiency, this paper systematically reviews the technical pathways and latest research progress in optimizing heat pipe performance from two fundamental and interconnected dimensions: the design of micro/nano-structured wicks and the regulation of interfacial wettability, both of which directly govern the fluid transport and phase-change processes that determine the overall thermal performance of heat pipes. In terms of micro/nano-structured wicks, a core component influencing heat pipe functionality, the paper first examines the inherent trade-off between capillary force and permeability in traditional wick structures like sintered metal powders, grooved surfaces, and mesh screens. These conventional designs often face a dilemma, namely structures with strong capillary are forced to draw condensed working fluid back to the evaporator tend to have narrow pores that restrict fluid flow and reduce permeability, while structures with high permeability to facilitate fluid circulation lack sufficient capillary suction for effective liquid return. To mitigate this contradiction, composite wicks are developed, integrating advantages of different structural types, such as combining the strong capillary force of nano-fibers with the high permeability of macroporous metal frameworks, to achieve partial balance. Notably, composite wicks with biomimetic structures, inspired by natural systems like plant root vascular networks or insect wing microtextures, break this limitation. Their multi-scale optimized architectures enable both robust capillary suction for reliable liquid supply and unobstructed channels for efficient fluid transport, further releasing traditional wick performance bottlenecks. Wettability, a key surface property mediating interactions between the wick's micro/nano-structure and working fluids like water, ethanol, or refrigerants, plays a pivotal role in enhancing heat pipe two-phase phase-change heat transfer. Based on classic wetting theories including Young's equation, the Wenzel model for rough surface wetting, and the Cassie-Baxter model for non-wetting "lotus effect" surfaces, the paper elaborates how biomimetic topological structures and patterned wetting interfaces tune dynamic interaction characteristics between the wick and working fluid, modifying surface energy and roughness to control fluid spreading, adhesion, and phase transition, and thus strengthening evaporation and condensation efficiency. Specifically, biomimetic super-lyophilic surfaces with micro/nano protrusions promote rapid nucleation at the evaporator to accelerate vaporization; super-lyophobic surfaces reduce condensed droplet adhesion at the condenser for high-frequency detachment and prevent heat-impeding thick liquid films; Patterned surfaces alternating super-lyophilic and super-lyophobic regions optimize liquid-vapor distribution, boosting condensation and evaporation/boiling efficiency while improving capillary supply stability to avoid evaporator dry-out. Finally, the paper outlines future heat pipe development trends, including dynamic response regulation of biomimetic interfaces for real-time wettability adjustment based on fluctuating heat flux, functional enhancement via integrating thermal conductive materials or anti-corrosion coatings into wicks, long-term stability improvement addressing fluid leakage or wick degradation, and interdisciplinary applications combining heat pipe technology with materials science, microfabrication, and biology to develop ultra-thin heat pipes for flexible electronics or high-temperature ones for aerospace engines. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights for designing next-generation high-performance heat pipes, supporting electronic and new energy industry advancement and addressing future high-heat-flux device thermal management challenges.

导出引用

陈秀鹏, 李荣跃, 杨晓龙. 微纳结构热管及其仿生流体界面强化技术[J]. 表面技术. 2025, 54(21): 23-46 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.002

CHEN Xiupeng, LI Rongyue, YANG Xiaolong. Micro-nano Structured Heat Pipes and Their Bionic Fluid Interface Enhancement Technology[J]. Surface Technology. 2025, 54(21): 23-46 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.002

中图分类号： O793

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