3D打印技术在液体定向运输方面的应用与挑战

刘颜铭; 陈阳; 马雅丽; 刘伟嵬; 陈强; 雷柏茂

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.001

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表面技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (21) : 1-22. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.001

专题——超浸润多级表面结构的设计与应用

3D打印技术在液体定向运输方面的应用与挑战

刘颜铭^1,2, 陈阳³, 马雅丽^1,2, 刘伟嵬^1,2,*, 陈强^4,5, 雷柏茂^4,5

作者信息 +

Opportunities and Challenges of 3D Printing for Directional Liquid Transportation

LIU Yanming^1,2, CHEN Yang³, MA Yali^1,2, LIU Weiwei^1,2,*, CHEN Qiang^4,5, LEI Baimao^4,5

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

液体定向运输因其在精确药物递送、高效雾气收集及热转换等领域的广阔应用前景,近年来已成为科学研究的重点和热点。在此背景下,3D打印（增材制造）技术凭借其材料与性能的可定制性及轻量化优势,为仿生液体定向运输功能结构/表面的制备提供了强有力的技术支撑。然而,目前对该方向的研究进展仍缺乏系统综述与深入讨论。本文在介绍液体定向运输所涉及相关模型/理论的基础上,从当前广泛应用的3D打印技术（材料喷射打印、挤出式打印、粉末熔融打印及光聚合打印）出发,聚焦其在液体定向运输功能结构/表面制造中的应用,并依据制造原理对相关研究进行分类与探讨。最后,对不同3D打印技术在现阶段应用中存在的问题（如打印精度及分辨率、打印材料、打印效率）进行总结,并对其未来在该领域的制造中所面临的挑战与发展方向进行展望。本文充分体现了3D打印技术“材料-结构-功能”一体化的制造理念,对推动液体定向运输结构/表面的智能化及高性能制造具有重要的指导意义。

Abstract

Directional liquid transport has become a vibrant and strategically relevant research area owing to its broad impact on precision drug delivery, high-efficiency fog harvesting, thermal management and energy conversion, microfluidic manipulation, and environmental remediation. The central objective is to steer liquids in a deterministic fashion by encoding spatial gradients of surface energy and curvature into engineered chemistries and multiscale textures, thereby harnessing capillarity, Laplace-pressure differentials, and controlled wetting hysteresis. Within this landscape, three-dimensional (3D) printing, i.e., additive manufacturing, has emerged as an enabling platform for constructing biomimetic structures and surfaces that support directional liquid motion. Its distinguishing advantages include materials versatility, architectural freedom, seamless multi-material integration, and low structural mass, collectively allowing the realization of liquid-handling architectures that are difficult, if not impossible, to obtain via conventional fabrication. This review first delineates the mechanistic foundations that govern directional transport, encompassing classical Young-Wenzel-Cassie-Baxter descriptions of wetting, capillary pumping in graded channels, chemical and geometric wettability gradients, Janus and asymmetric ridge/groove designs, ratcheted topographies, and bioinspired motifs (e.g., cactus spines, Nepenthes peristomes). Guided by these principles, it analyzes four mainstream 3D-printing modalities, namely material jetting, extrusion-based printing, powder-bed fusion, and photopolymerization, through the lens of directional liquid transport. For each modality, it summarizes the accessible material sets (polymers, elastomers, hydrogels, particle-reinforced composites, metals, and ceramics); attainable resolution, surface finish, and hierarchical fidelity; throughput and scalability; and the capability to encode multi-material or spatially graded properties that strengthen capillary anisotropy. Post-processing routes, such as plasma activation, laser texturing, surface grafting, and vapor-phase functionalization, are also highlighted for refining surface energy and roughness while preserving structural integrity. Despite rapid advances, key bottlenecks remain. Resolution-throughput trade-offs limit routine patterning of sub-micrometer features needed to maximize curvature-driven pressure gradients. The palette of printable chemistries can constrain wetting tunability and chemical durability. In addition, long-term robustness is challenged by fouling, abrasion, and environmental aging. Equally important, performance assessment lacks standardization. Beyond static or advancing/receding contact angles, it argues for a metrics suite that includes initiation threshold, steady-state transport velocity, run-out distance under tilt, flux under humidity or temperature gradients, and cycling stability under contaminants or mechanical insult. These benchmarks can improve comparability across studies and accelerate translation from proof-of-concept demonstrations to robust devices. Looking forward, several directions appear especially promising: (i) multi-material and gradient printing to co-design chemistry and geometry; (ii) architected lattices and capillary metamaterials that amplify Laplace-pressure gradients while maintaining mechanical integrity; (iii) stimuli-responsive and reconfigurable surfaces for on-demand routing and spatiotemporal control; (iv) inverse design and topology optimization informed by phase-field or volume-of-fluid simulations; (v) data-driven surrogates and machine-learning frameworks for rapid exploration of large design spaces; and (vi) hybrid manufacturing that couples additive processes with sub-micron lithography or ultrafast laser texturing. Overall, this review underscores the "material-structure-function" integration paradigm enabled by 3D printing and offers a coherent roadmap for the intelligent, durable, and high-performance fabrication of directional liquid-transport structures and surfaces. The synthesis presented in this work is intended to guide the selection of printing modalities and design strategies for application-specific requirements, and to catalyze cross-disciplinary progress at the interface of surface science, bioinspired design, and advanced manufacturing.

导出引用

刘颜铭, 陈阳, 马雅丽, 刘伟嵬, 陈强, 雷柏茂. 3D打印技术在液体定向运输方面的应用与挑战[J]. 表面技术. 2025, 54(21): 1-22 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.001

LIU Yanming, CHEN Yang, MA Yali, LIU Weiwei, CHEN Qiang, LEI Baimao. Opportunities and Challenges of 3D Printing for Directional Liquid Transportation[J]. Surface Technology. 2025, 54(21): 1-22 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.001

中图分类号： TH117 TB17

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