生物污损主要源于蛋白质、细胞及微生物在材料表面非特异性吸附并逐步形成生物膜,对医疗器械及生物传感器的长期性能构成严重威胁。牛血清白蛋白（Bovine Serum Albumin, BSA）凭借其优异的生物相容性、多功能配体结合能力及动态界面调控特性,已成为构建高效防污涂层的关键材料。系统综述了基于BSA防污涂层的研究进展,首先解析了生物污损的五阶段形成机制及防污涂层构建的三大核心策略,然后重点阐述了BSA涂层的原位相变（还原与热变性）技术,以及与小分子、高分子、纳米材料的复合改性方法,全面梳理了各类策略在优化界面亲水性、增强涂层稳定性与阻断生物膜形成方面的协同机理,评述了BSA基涂层在植入式与介入式医疗器械中的实际应用效果,指出其在抑制细菌黏附、改善抗血栓性能等方面的显著优势。最后,结合涂层耐久性、复杂生物流体适应性及产业化制备等挑战,提出未来研究应聚焦分子机理解析、长期稳定性提升及应用范围拓展（如海洋防污）的发展方向,为高效、安全、可持续的抗污技术创新提供理论依据和实践指导。
Abstract
Biofouling, characterized by the nonspecific adsorption of proteins, cells, and microorganisms onto material surfaces followed by biofilm formation, poses a persistent threat to the functionality and biocompatibility of medical devices and biosensors. In recent years, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), a naturally abundant and biocompatible protein, has garnered considerable attention as a versatile material for constructing antifouling coatings. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in BSA-based antifouling coatings, and summarizes the fundamental mechanisms of biofouling, the intrinsic advantages of BSA, various modification strategies, and their practical applications in medical devices.
The paper first details the five-stage process of biofouling, from initial protein adsorption to mature biofilm detachment and dissemination. It emphasizes the role of the "conditioning film" as a precursor to microbial colonization and highlights the challenges of breaking the cycle of protein-mediated microbial adhesion. Against this backdrop, the antifouling potential of BSA emerges due to its unique spherical conformation, amphiphilic surface, and rich functional group composition, which enable it to form hydrated, non-fouling interfaces that hinder biomolecular attachment.
The paper then surveys both structural design strategies and practical applications of BSA-based antifouling coatings from two complementary modification routes: in situ structural transformation, in which BSA undergoes TCEP-induced phase transition or heat-denaturation to unfold its globular structure, expose hydrophobic domains and reactive residues, and thereby anchor more robustly to diverse substrates while significantly enhancing resistance to enzymatic degradation, fluid shear stress, and bacterial colonization; and molecular-level composite engineering, where BSA is conjugated with small molecules, zwitterionic polymers (e.g., SBMA, MPC), hydrophilic polymers, or nanomaterials via covalent or non-covalent interactions to construct multifunctional interfaces. These engineered composites form dense electrostatic hydration layers and steric barriers that deliver superior and durable antifouling performance under high-salinity, variable-pH, and protein-rich conditions. In terms of application, these tailored coatings have been successfully deployed on implantable and interventional medical devices, demonstrating marked reductions in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli adhesion, effective suppression of platelet activation and thrombosis, and long-term maintenance of blood flow in vivo. Bioinspired composite platforms—such as insect cuticle-inspired BSA@HCA and BSA-polymer conjugates—exhibit enhanced mechanical durability and interface stability under pulsatile flow and shear conditions. Meanwhile, BSA-nanocomposite coatings incorporating gold nanowires or silica nanostructures enable electrochemical biosensors to retain signal fidelity, minimize background noise, and resist multifaceted biofoulant interference during extended exposure to complex biological media, highlighting their translational potential for scalable, high-performance antifouling solutions.
Despite these advances, challenges remain. Native BSA's low isoelectric point can lead to undesirable electrostatic interactions, and the stability of protein-based coatings under physiological stresses needs further optimization. Key future directions include elucidating the molecular interactions that govern antifouling behaviors, improving long-term mechanical and chemical stability in complex environments, expanding application domains beyond biomedical devices (e.g., marine antifouling), and developing scalable and eco-friendly production processes. In particular, integrating antifouling, antibacterial, and self-cleaning functionalities into a single BSA-based platform remains a promising yet underexplored frontier.
In conclusion, BSA-based antifouling coatings offer a sustainable, biocompatible, and multifunctional solution to the global challenge of biofouling. By combining natural protein structures with advanced materials science and surface engineering, these coatings hold great potential for transformative applications in healthcare, biotechnology, and environmental protection.
关键词
生物污损 /
BSA /
防污涂层 /
改性 /
复合 /
医疗器械
Key words
biofouling /
BSA /
antifouling coatings /
modification /
composite /
medical devices
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基金
国家自然科学基金（52305185）; 江苏省自然科学基金（BK20220835）; 江苏省双创博士计划（JSSCBS20220160）; 南京市海外留学人才科技创新计划（Class A）
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