目的 为了提高2205双相不锈钢（Duplex stainless steel, DSS）的抗氢渗透性能,提出一种新的材料表面强化工艺,即利用激光喷丸复合超声滚压强化的方式在2205 DSS表层制备纳米级梯度结构,从而抑制有害化学元素,尤其是氢元素的侵入。方法 采用激光喷丸复合超声滚压强化技术对2205双相不锈钢试样进行表面强化处理,分析不同工艺参数下2205双相不锈钢试样的显微组织、表面粗糙度、残余应力,对比研究激光喷丸强化（Laser peening, LP）、超声滚压强化（Ultrasonic surface rolling process, USRP）和激光喷丸复合超声滚压强化（Ultrasonic-assisted laser peening, ULP）技术对2205 DSS表面性能的提升效果,深入分析2205 DSS微观组织演变的机理及其对氢脆敏感性的影响。结果 通过3种表面处理均可使材料表层晶粒发生细化,经ULP处理的晶粒的细化效果相对最好,其表层晶粒平均尺寸为6.125 μm,细化率达到39.51%,并在材料表面制备出深度约为694 μm的纳米级梯度结构;与其他2种方法相比,通过ULP处理可获得高达1 217 MPa的残余压应力,远大于LP（512 MPa）和USRP试样（1 048 MPa）。此外,ULP技术结合了LP和USRP的技术优势,经ULP处理后试样的表面粗糙度仅为0.016 µm。氢渗透试验结果表明,ULP处理能够有效抑制氢元素的渗透和扩散。结论 ULP处理使得试样的表面粗糙度显著降低,产生了幅值大且影响层深的残余压应力,晶粒细化效果更加明显,这种纳米级梯度结构的形成对于氢元素的渗透和扩散具有显著抑制效果,ULP技术的提出有助于拓展表面形变强化技术在抗氢脆领域的应用。
Abstract
In order to improve the hydrogen permeation resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS), the work aims to propose a novel surface strengthening process combining the advantages of ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP) and laser peening (LP). This novel composite strengthening method, known as ultrasonic-assisted laser peening (ULP), was utilized to strengthen the surface of 2205 DSS specimens by generating a nano-scale gradient structure, which effectively inhibited the penetration of harmful chemical elements, especially hydrogen. The surface microstructural characteristics, surface roughness, and residual stress of the specimens under different process parameters were analyzed. The effects of LP, USRP, and ULP on the surface properties of 2205 DSS were studied comparatively. Electrochemical hydrogen charging, X-ray diffraction, and hydrogen permeation tests were performed to investigate the microstructural evolution mechanisms and their impact on hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity. All three surface treatments resulted in grain refinement, with the ULP treatment achieving the best grain refinement. The average grain size of the surface layer after ULP treatment was about 6.125 μm, with a refinement rate of 39.51%. The nano-grain layer was distributed in the surface layer, and the grain size gradually increased with depth. The maximum depth of the grain refinement layer was 694 μm for ULP, which was deeper than that of LP (678 μm) and USRP (300 μm). Compared to the other two methods, ULP induced a higher dislocation density, reaching 1.048×1015 m-2, and resulted in a high residual compressive stress of 1 217 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of LP (512 MPa) and USRP (1 048 MPa). Additionally, ULP combined the technical advantages of LP and USRP, significantly increasing the austenite phase content, and producing a smoother surface compared to traditional LP, reducing the surface roughness to only 0.016 µm. The hydrogen permeation test showed that the ULP-treated specimens exhibited the longest hydrogen penetration time and the lowest apparent hydrogen diffusion coefficient. The hydrogen penetration time was 8.0×105 s, and the hydrogen apparent diffusion coefficient was 2.31×10-15 m2/s, demonstrating better hydrogen diffusion suppression than LP and USRP treatments. In conclusion, the ULP treatment significantly improves the plastic strain and surface strengthening effect, leading to remarkable improvements in surface roughness and more pronounced grain refinement. The high magnitude and deep residual compressive stress introduced by ULP significantly increase the crack initiation threshold and effectively suppress the initiation and propagation of hydrogen-induced cracks through crack closure effects. The nano-scale gradient structure not only hinders the penetration of hydrogen atoms through the refined nano-layer but also effectively suppresses hydrogen-induced martensitic transformation. Additionally, defects such as grain boundaries and high dislocation density capture hydrogen atoms, preventing hydrogen atom accumulation in localized areas, thus reducing the risk of hydrogen-induced plastic loss and cracking. The increase in austenite phase content further enhances the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the material. Therefore, the proposed ULP technique offers a novel approach for enhancing the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of 2205 DSS, contributing to the broader application of surface deformation strengthening techniques in the field of hydrogen embrittlement resistance.
关键词
2205双相不锈钢 /
激光喷丸复合超声滚压强化 /
晶粒细化 /
梯度纳米结构 /
氢渗透
Key words
2205 duplex stainless steel /
ultrasonic-assisted laser peening /
grain refinement /
gradient nanostructure /
hydrogen permeation
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基金
国家自然科学基金（52375186, 52375436）; 中央高校青年教师科研创新能力支持项目（ZYGXQNJSKYCXNLZCXM-D5）; 江苏省自然科学基金（BK20221365）; 国家级大学生创新创业训练计划（202410299001Z）; 内蒙古自治区重点研发和成果转化计划（2025YFHH0104）
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