目的 在服役过程中,可调距桨桨毂结合面等随着外界工况的改变,时而发生微动磨损,时而发生滑动磨损,严重影响了装备的服役性能和使用寿命。对比研究桨毂镍铝青铜（CuNiAl）合金在干摩擦条件下的微动和滑动磨损性能及损伤机理。方法 采用自制的球面接触切向摩擦磨损试验机,开展镍铝青铜合金在5、10、15 N等3种法向载荷下的微动（D=100 µm）和滑动磨损（D=400 µm）性能对比实验。基于Ft-D曲线和摩擦因数分析结果,探讨摩擦界面在不同工况下的动力学行为;结合金相显微镜（OM）、场发射扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）等微观分析手段,系统表征磨损表面和磨屑的微观特征及元素分布,深入揭示表面的损伤机理和磨屑形成机制。结果 研究表明,微动比滑动摩擦因数的波动更大,二者均随着法向载荷的增加呈下降趋势;在低载荷下,微动与滑动摩擦因数接近,但在高载荷下微动摩擦因数约为滑动摩擦因数的1.5倍。当载荷从5 N增至15 N时,微动和滑动的磨损率分别增加了54.8%、81.3%,表明滑动磨损对载荷的变化更加敏感。结论 受到不同位移幅度下摩擦界面第三体行为、动力学行为和热效应等因素的影响,在相同载荷下,微动和滑动的摩擦、磨损、表面损伤机制存在显著差异。微动磨损表现为剥落、犁沟、分层、裂纹,磨损机理主要为疲劳磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损。滑动磨损主要表现为沿滑动方向的犁沟和划痕,其磨粒磨损占主导。
Abstract
During service, the contact surfaces of adjustable-pitch propeller hubs are subject to alternating fretting wear and sliding wear as operational conditions change, significantly impairing equipment performance and service life. This paper presents a comparative study on the fretting and sliding wear characteristics and damage mechanisms of nickel-aluminum bronze (CuNiAl) alloys used in propeller hubs under dry friction conditions.
The core driving component of a tangential wear testing machine used in the test is voice coil motor, which can be used to carry out a high-frequency (>5 Hz) fretting wear test. Piezoelectric sensors are used to measure the friction force with high sensitivity and precision in real time. In this study, parameters of the fretting wear test are set as follows: displacement amplitude D=100 µm, movement frequency f =4 Hz; sliding wear test displacement amplitude D=400 µm, movement frequency f =1 Hz. The fretting and sliding wear properties under normal load of 5 N, 10 N and 15 N are explored. After the test, the dynamic behavior during the test is analyzed according to the change rule of friction coefficient. The micromorphology, formation mechanism and element distribution of fretting and sliding wear surfaces and wear chips of nickel-aluminum bronze are studied by a series of observation and analysis methods.
With the gradual increase in normal load, the fluctuation of the fretting friction coefficient becomes more pronounced compared with that of sliding friction. Both fretting and sliding friction coefficients exhibit a decreasing trend under increasing load. At low load, the friction coefficients for fretting and sliding are nearly equivalent, whereas at high load, the fretting friction coefficient becomes approximately 1.5 times higher than that of sliding. Notably, under fretting conditions, wear rate and dissipated energy demonstrate a strong positive correlation, where higher wear rates correspond to increased energy dissipation. In contrast, under sliding conditions, dissipated energy initially decreases before rising-a phenomenon likely associated with the evolution of surface microstructure and interaction mechanisms between frictional counterparts during sliding.
Compared with fretting wear, sliding wear maintains higher levels of dissipated energy and wear rates. Specifically, wear rates under fretting and sliding conditions increase by 54.7% and 81.3%, respectively, indicating that sliding wear is more sensitive to load variations. Furthermore, sliding friction generates significantly more wear debris, emphasizing the exacerbated surface degradation under such conditions. Morphological analysis reveals distinct debris characteristics: fretting wear predominantly produces black fine particles, fragments, and dark green fibrous debris, while sliding wear generates larger black-dominant fragments and fibrous residues. This divergence likely stems from severe surface spalling and plastic deformation during sliding, reflecting intensified material damage mechanisms under sustained sliding motion.
Under the combined influence of third-body behavior, dynamic response, and thermal effects at different displacement amplitudes, fretting and sliding exhibit fundamentally distinct friction characteristics, wear patterns, and surface damage mechanisms under identical load. Fretting wear manifests as spalling, ploughing grooves, delamination, and cracks, with its mechanisms dominated by fatigue wear, adhesive wear, and oxidative wear. In contrast, sliding wear primarily features ploughing grooves and scratches aligned with the sliding direction, where abrasive wear constitutes the predominant mechanism.
关键词
镍铝青铜 /
微动磨损 /
滑动磨损 /
损伤机理 /
对比研究
Key words
nickel-aluminum bronze /
fretting wear /
sliding wear /
wear mechanism /
comparative study
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基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目（52475211）; 湖北省自然科学基金面上项目（2024AFB913）; 高端轴承摩擦学技术与应用国家地方联合工程实验室开放基金（202404）
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