目的 减少GCr15轴承钢在热处理和磨削加工后因残余应力释放造成的变形。方法 对退火态试样进行淬火+回火(QT)、淬火+回火+深冷处理(QTC)、淬火+深冷处理+回火(QCT)等3种不同方式的热处理，选取经3种不同工艺处理后的轴承钢进行磨削加工试验，研究不同处理试样的硬度、微观组织、残余应力和物相组成。结果 经过QTC处理后，试样的残余奥氏体含量降低，位错密度增大，残余应力增加，其中QTC-12 h试样内0.2~0.4 μm的碳化物占比增加了12.55%。经QCT处理后，试样内残余奥氏体含量和位错密度均有所降低，其中QCT-6 h试样内残余应力降低了30.62%。通过正交试验发现，对平行于磨削进给方向残余应力的影响从大到小依次为进给速度、磨削深度、热处理工艺、砂轮线速度;对垂直于磨削进给方向残余应力的影响从大到小依次为磨削深度、进给速度、热处理工艺、砂轮线速度。在磨削深度为0.07 mm及以上时，QTC处理试样表面出现微裂纹，QCT处理试样表面出现明显的烧伤痕迹。结论 回火前后深冷处理均有利于减少轴承钢内部残余奥氏体的含量。在深冷处理后进行回火处理可以降低因深冷处理带来的残余应力，回火后深冷处理试样在增大磨削深度时其表面表现出更低的残余应力，更有利于磨削加工后残余应力的控制。

The deformation caused by the release of residual stress from the workpiece is an important factor leading to the service life reduction or even scrapping of bearings. According to the precision requirements of thin-walled bearings, a method is proposed to reduce the residual stress in bearing steel by grinding assisted by low-temperature treatment. The GCr15 bearing steel specimens in the annealed state are subject to quenching + tempering (QT), quenching + tempering + cryogenic treatment (QTC), and quenching + cryogenic treatment + tempering (QCT) in three different heat treatments, and the bearing steel after the three different treatments are selected for the grinding processing test. The hardness, microstructure, residual stress and phase composition of the materials of different treated specimens are tested with a microhardness tester, a scanning electron microscope, a residual stress tester and an X-ray diffractometer. After the specimens are treated by QTC, the diffuse distribution of carbides as well as the percentage of fine carbides increase, the dislocation density within the specimens increases, and the residual stresses increases, in which the percentage of 0.2-0.4 μm fine carbides within the specimens of QTC-12 h increases by 12.55%. After the specimens are treated by QCT, the hardness of the specimens increases slightly, the austenite content and the dislocation density within the material decrease, and the residual stress within the QCT-6 h specimens is relieved, and the residual stress decreases by 30.62%. The influence of the residual stress in the direction of grinding feed is as follows:feed rate > grinding depth > heat treatment process > wheel velocity. For the influence of the residual stress perpendicular to the grinding feed direction, it is as follows:grinding depth > feed rate > heat treatment process > wheel velocity. The QTC treatment or QCT treatment on the specimen before grinding has a certain effect on the surface residual stress, and the effect of the two types of heat treatment varies greatly under different grinding parameters. The surface compressive stress of the QTC-treated specimen increases rapidly when the depth of grinding is 0.05 mm, and the surface residual stress of the specimen is relatively reduced when the feed rate is 0.6 m/min, the depth of grinding is 0.05 mm, and the wheel line speed is 25 m/s. The residual stress on the surface of the QCT treated specimens increases and then decreases slowly when the depth of grinding increases, and the residual stress on the surface of the specimens is small and there are no obvious organizational defects when the feed rate is 0.6 m/min, the depth of grinding is 0.01 mm, and the speed of the grinding wheel line is 25 m/s. At a grinding depth of 0.07 mm and above, microcracks appear on the surface of the QTC-treated specimens after grinding, and obvious burn marks appear on the surface of the QCT-treated specimens. Cryogenic treatment before and after tempering is beneficial to the bearing steel to improve the hardness and reduce the internal residual austenite content. Tempering after cryogenic treatment can reduce the residual stress caused by cryogenic treatment and make the workpiece have better dimensional stability. Specimens subject to cryogenic treatment after tempering show a lower residual stress on the surface as the grinding depth increases, which is more conducive to the control of the residual stress after grinding. This study provides a new idea to improve the residual stress of materials after grinding processing.