低温环境下的结冰问题会对出行和输电线路安全造成一定影响。传统超疏水表面虽能防覆冰，但效果随时间减弱。新型光热超疏水表面，结合被动防冰和主动除冰，利用光热转换效应，有效抑制冰核形成，提高融冰效率，在防覆冰/除冰领域展现出广阔的应用前景。详细分析了超疏水表面的润湿理论和光热超疏水表面的光热转换机制，这一机制是其实现高效防覆冰和除冰功能的核心。首先全面总结了光热超疏水表面在防覆冰和光热除冰方面的原理，揭示了其如何通过特殊的表面结构和材料特性来延迟冰的成核和生长。综述了当前光热超疏水表面在防覆冰/除冰领域的最新研究进展，特别是针对碳基、聚合物基、半导体基、金属基和陶瓷基这5种不同基材的光热超疏水表面，分析了它们各自的制备方法、性能特点以及在实际应用中的潜在优势。还深入探讨了这些光热超疏水表面在实际应用中展现出的疏水性能、防覆冰性能以及光热除冰性能等。最后，指出了在光热超疏水表面的制备和应用过程中存在的挑战，如材料的耐久性、成本效益和环境适应性等问题，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望，为后续的研究提供了有价值的参考。

Icing phenomena in low-temperature environments constitute a significant impediment to the safety of vehicular transit and the structural integrity of transmission lines. The accretion of ice may precipitate structural compromise, augment the mechanical load, and potentially incite catastrophic system failures, particularly within the pivotal sectors of transportation and power infrastructure. Traditional superhydrophobic surfaces, which are engineered to exhibit micro- and nano-scale roughness in conjunction with low surface energy materials, have manifested initial efficacy in mitigating ice adhesion. However, their performance is susceptible to degradation over time due to their mechanical wear, environmental exposure, and the accretion of impurities, thereby attenuating their ice-phobic characteristics.