目的 提高20CrMoH钢的耐磨性能。方法 设置不同的超声滚压力(700、1000、1300 N)与次数(3、6次)，对20CrMoH钢进行超声表面滚压加工。采用扫描电子显微镜、粗糙度测量仪、光学显微镜、显微硬度测量仪、X射线应力分析仪、端面型滑动磨损试验机和3D形貌仪等设备，分别对加工前后试样的表面形貌、粗糙度、金相组织、显微硬度、表面残余压应力和摩擦磨损等性能进行对比分析。结果 经过超声表面滚压加工的试样，与未处理试样相比，在各项性能上都有较大的提升。表面形貌更加光整，粗糙度Ra从0.82 μm下降至0.331 μm;表面显微硬度从760HV0.2提高到856HV0.2，提升了12.63%;表面残余压应力从–286 MPa提高到–565 MPa;磨损机制从未处理试样的以磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损为主转变为以磨粒磨损和氧化磨损为主。试样在1000 N的作用力下进行6次超声滚压加工后，材料的耐磨性能最好，与未处理试样相比，稳态平均摩擦系数大幅下降，磨损体积从2.29 mm³减小到0.74 mm³，减小了67.69%。结论 超声表面滚压加工能有效改善20CrMoH钢试样的表面质量，细化表层晶粒组织，增加表面硬度与表面残余压应力，显著提升材料的耐磨性能。

In order to improve the wear resistance of 20CrMoH steel, different ultrasonic rolling forces (700 N, 1000 N and 1300 N) and passes (3 passes and 6 passes) were applied to perform ultrasonic surface rolling on 20CrMoH steel. The surface morphology, roughness, microstructure, microhardness, surface residual compressive stress and friction and wear properties of the samples before and after ultrasonic surface rolling were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, roughness tester, optical microscope, microhardness tester, X-ray stress analyzer, sliding wear tester of end-face type and 3D profilometer. Compared with the untreated sample, the properties of the samples processed by ultrasonic surface rolling were greatly improved, the surface appearance of material was significantly smoother, the roughness Ra decreased from 0.82 μm to 0.331 μm, the surface microhardness increased from 760HV0.2 to 856HV0.2, with an increase by 12.63%, and the surface residual compressive stress increased from –286 MPa to –565 MPa. The wear mechanism changed from predominantly abrasive and fatigue wear of untreated samples to predominantly abrasive and oxidative wear. The wear resistance of the sample was the best after 6 passes of ultrasonic surface rolling under the force of 1000 N. Compared with the untreated sample, the wear volume was reduced from 2.29 mm3 to 0.74 mm3, with a decrease by 67.69%. Ultrasonic surface rolling can effectively improve the surface quality of 20CrMoH steel samples, refine the surface grain structure, increase the surface microhardness and surface residual compressive stress, and significantly improve the wear resistance of the material.