介绍了天然抗菌微纳结构的特点及抗菌效果，从灵感来源、基底材料、构建方法、表面特性和结构、抗菌效率六个方面，总结了利用不同技术模拟蝉和蜻蜓的翅膀、蛾眼和壁虎皮肤微纳结构的仿生研究进展。阐述了材料表面微纳结构的形貌和粗糙度对抗菌效率的影响，发现具有多层次、间隔紧密、尖锐纳米柱结构的表面对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌均表现出较强的抗菌活性。微纳结构抗菌表面与细菌相互作用，破坏细胞壁/膜，导致细菌死亡，该抗菌机制是物理机械性的，避免了细菌耐药性的产生。该综述为今后仿生微纳结构抗菌表面的发展提供了理论基础，并提出了未来的研究思路和发展方向。

The preparation of materials with antimicrobial properties by surface modification technology is one of the research hotspots in the field of antimicrobial materials in recent years. This review briefly introduced the characteristics and antimicrobial effects of natural antimicrobial micro/nano-structure, and summarized the research progress of simulating micro/nano-structures of cicada and dragonfly wing, moth eyes, and gecko skin by using different techniques from the aspects of inspiration sources, substrate materials, fabrication methods, surface characteristics and structures, and antimicrobial efficiencies. The effect of surface morphology and roughness of micro/nanostructure on the antimicrobial efficiency was discussed. It was found that the surface structures with multi-layered, closely spaced, and sharp ended nanopillars had strong antimicrobial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Recent studies showed that these natural antimicrobial surfaces interacted with bacteria and destroyed cell wall/membranes, resulting in bacterial death. The antibacterial mechanism of the micro/nano-structured surfaces is physico-mechanical, and therefore the surfaces prevent the occurrence of bacterial resistance. This review provided the theoretical basis for the future development of biomimetic micro/nano-structured antibacterial surfaces, and pointed out the future research directions in this promising field.