LIU Yuwei,WU Xia,CHEN Jiyun,JIN Shuang,LI Chun,SUN Yuanzhi.Research Progress on Friction and Wear Properties of Titanium Alloys and Wear Reduction Methods[J],53(12):1-21
Research Progress on Friction and Wear Properties of Titanium Alloys and Wear Reduction Methods
Received:June 25, 2023  Revised:September 25, 2023
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DOI:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2024.12.001
KeyWord:titanium alloy  friction layer  wear debris  friction oxide  friction and wear mechanism  wear resistance and reduction  surface treatment
                 
AuthorInstitution
LIU Yuwei School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing , China
WU Xia School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing , China
CHEN Jiyun School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing , China
JIN Shuang School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing , China
LI Chun School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing , China
SUN Yuanzhi School of Mechanical Electronic & Information Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing , China
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Abstract:
      Titanium alloys offer numerous advantages, such as high specific strength, robust corrosion resistance, excellent temperature resistance, and favorable biocompatibility. Consequently, they have significant applications in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, biomedicine, and other fields. However, the poor friction and wear properties of titanium alloys can adversely affect the service life and reliability of mechanical systems. The work aims to explore the formation and role of friction layers in titanium alloys during friction and wear, as well as their effect on the wear mechanism of titanium alloys. The effects of wear debris and friction oxides were discussed separately, considering the composition of the friction layer. Wear debris represented the initial state of the friction layer, while friction oxide served as an important indicator of the protective effect of the friction layer. The size of the wear debris and the content of friction oxide significantly affected the friction layer. Additionally, the effects of ambient temperature, sliding speed, and load on the friction and wear properties of titanium alloys were analyzed. By considering the friction coefficient, wear rate, and wear pattern, the mechanism through which external factors affected titanium alloys was comprehensively examined. The sliding speed primarily affected the generation of the friction layer. When the sliding speed was low, the friction layer formed on the titanium alloy surface was a mechanical layer with no protective effect. Under such conditions, the main wear mechanisms of titanium alloys were abrasive wear and adhesive wear. Conversely, at high sliding speed, the frictional heat softened both the surface layer of the substrate and the opposing grinding material, resulting in a reduction in the friction coefficient and the formation of a protective oxide friction layer. Oxidative wear became the main wear mechanism of titanium alloys in this case. The load mainly affected the degree of plastic deformation of the matrix. Under low load conditions, the plastic deformation and shear force increased on the surface of the titanium alloy as the load increased. During this period, the friction layer did not provide protection, and the wear rate and friction coefficient exhibited a decreasing-then-increasing trend. Under high load conditions, a protective friction layer formed on the surface of the titanium alloy, which mitigated surface shear force, reduced the friction coefficient, and increased surface hardness. The wear rate decreased as the load increased. Moreover, when the temperature exceeded 600 ℃, the abundance of friction oxide increased hardness and reduced the wear rate. The effect of external environmental conditions on the friction and wear properties of titanium alloys was closely associated with the plastic deformation and thermal softening degree of the friction oxide layer and the matrix. The common methods for reducing wear in titanium alloys were summarized, including heat treatment, surface coating, surface texturing, solid lubrication, and composite treatments. The technologies such as solid solution aging treatment, plasma metallurgy, micro-arc oxidation, laser cladding, and laser surface texturing were introduced. A comparison was made between the advantages and disadvantages of these different technologies, with an emphasis on the effectiveness of composite treatment technologies in combining various methods. The combination of different treatment methods could significantly enhance the performance of titanium alloys. Finally, the current issues in titanium alloy wear research and performance improvement were identified. It is suggested that future research directions should focus on the integration of experiments and simulations to elucidate the dynamic changes in titanium alloy friction layers and wear mechanisms. The effect of various environmental factors on the wear mechanism of titanium alloys should also be considered. It is proposed to optimize the coating technologies and lubrication technologies. The development of titanium alloy surface strengthening composite technology, as well as the optimization of various process parameters, is recommended to improve process performance, achieve enhanced wear resistance, and reduce friction. These efforts are expected to provide valuable references for the widespread application of titanium alloys.
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