王强,张宏志,钱润玲,牛文娟.铁质文物腐蚀防护技术研究进展[J].表面技术,2023,52(6):140-152.
WANG Qiang,ZHANG Hong-zhi,QIAN Run-ling,NIU Wen-juan.Research Progress of Corrosion Prevention Technologies for Iron Cultural Relics[J].Surface Technology,2023,52(6):140-152 |
| 铁质文物腐蚀防护技术研究进展 |
| Research Progress of Corrosion Prevention Technologies for Iron Cultural Relics |
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| DOI：10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2023.06.013 |
| 中文关键词: 铁质文物 腐蚀机理 防护技术 激光清洗 冷喷涂修复 |
| 英文关键词:iron cultural relics corrosion mechanism prevention technology laser cleaning cold spray repair |
| 基金项目:陕西省自然科学基金重点项目(2017JZ012);西安建筑科技大学交叉研究培育专项(1960522179) |
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| Author | Institution |
| WANG Qiang | School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China;Shaanxi Research Center of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an 710055, China |
| ZHANG Hong-zhi | Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage, Xi'an 710075, China |
| QIAN Run-ling | School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China |
| NIU Wen-juan | School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 中国是有着五千年灿烂文化的文明古国和文化遗产大国。文物保护是中华儿女传承古老文明的历史责任。铁质文物在中国拥有漫长的历史，但由于铁作为金属的活泼性较强，易腐蚀，现存的铁质文物面临保存现状差且防护难度大的严峻挑战，因此如何对铁质文物进行系统性防护成为研究工作的重点。鉴于目前铁质文物腐蚀防护技术受到国内学者和文物界越来越多的关注，基于大量的文献调研和长期对国内外腐蚀防护技术研究动态的跟踪，对铁质文物腐蚀防护技术的研究进展进行了总结。首先，结合铁质文物具体保护实例简介了铁质文物的腐蚀机理。其次，讨论了铁质文物传统的腐蚀防护技术，主要包括除锈技术、脱盐技术、缓蚀技术和封护技术。除锈技术主要分为物理除锈技术和化学除锈技术，对比了两者的技术优势和劣势，重点阐述了激光清洗的作用机理以及除锈效果;脱盐技术的方法众多，主要通过实例介绍了索氏提取法和碱性溶液浸泡法的脱盐机理;缓蚀技术的核心为缓蚀剂，阐述了多种缓蚀剂对不同铁质文物的缓蚀效果;封护技术主要介绍了微晶石蜡、丙烯酸树脂和氟碳涂料3种材料在铁质文物上的应用。随着材料科学的发展，在铁质文物表面制备防护性涂层可实现对基体的有效保护，但由于金属涂层制备技术多以激光束、等离子束、电子束等高能量密度束为热源，导致涂层制备过程热输入过大，对铁质文物基体的损伤较大。根据铁质文物的防护性要求——“不改变文物原状”与“最小干预”原则，介绍了一种基于低温环境下将微米级金属粉末或复合粉末加速至超音速状态并沉积于基体材料表面形成涂层的新型表面防护技术——冷喷涂技术，重点介绍了几种不同金属基材料在铁碳合金表面形成涂层的实际性能，主要表现为显微组织均匀致密，且与基体之间形成了较好的界面结合，有望应用于铁质文物的修复与防护领域。最后，指出了铁质文物腐蚀防护研究进展尚存的关键问题，并对铁质文物腐蚀防护技术的发展前景进行了展望，为文物保护工作者的研究实践提供新思路。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| China has an ancient civilization with a historical culture of five thousand years and a huge wealth of cultural heritage. The protection of cultural relics is the historical responsibility of the whole nation to inherit the ancient civilization. Iron cultural relics have a long history in China. However, due to the strong activity of iron as a metal, it is prone to corrode. The existing iron cultural relics face severe challenges of poor preservation and difficulties in protection. Therefore, how to systematically protect iron cultural relics has become the focus of research work. At present, the corrosion protection technology of iron cultural relics has attracted more and more attention from domestic scholars and the society of cultural heritage. Based on a large number of literature research and long-term tracking of research trends of domestic and foreign corrosion protection technologies, the research progress of corrosion prevention technology of iron cultural relics was summarized. Firstly, combined with the specific protection cases of iron cultural relics, the corrosion mechanism of iron cultural relics was briefly introduced. Secondly, the traditional corrosion protection technologies of iron cultural relics were discussed, mainly including derusting technology, desalination technology, corrosion inhibition technology and sealing technology. Derusting technologies mainly included physical derusting and chemical derusting technologies. The advantages and disadvantages were compared, with emphasis on the reaction mechanism and derusting effect of advanced laser cleaning technology. The desalting mechanism of Soxhlet extraction method and alkaline solution immersion method was introduced through different cases. The inhibition effects of various corrosion inhibitors on different iron cultural relics were discussed. The sealing technology mainly involved the application of microcrystalline paraffin, acrylic resin and fluorocarbon coating on iron cultural relics. With the development of material science, the preparation of protective coatings on the surface of iron cultural relics could effectively protect the substrate. However, the current coating technologies generally required high energy sources, such as laser beam, plasma beam or electron beam, the associated heat input in coating preparation was extremely high and was likely to damage the iron cultural relics. According to the protective principles of iron cultural relics, "no change of the original state of iron cultural relics" and "minimum intervention", an innovative coating technology, cold spray, was introduced, which was based on accelerating micron metal powder or composite powder to supersonic state and forming coatings on the surface of matrix material in a low temperature environment. The resulting properties of several different kinds of metal based cold spray coatings on the surface of carbon steel substrates were described. Because of the solid consolidation of powder materials, the microstructure of cold sprayed coating was uniform and dense, and an intimate bonding was achieved between coatings and substrates. Therefore, as an advanced protection technology, cold spray was expected to realize the restoration and protection of iron cultural relics. Finally, the key issues existing in the research status of corrosion protection of iron cultural relics were summarized, and the research focus of applying innovative protection technologies of iron cultural relics was suggested. It will provide new ideas for research and practice of cultural relics protection. |
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